Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) associations are of great importance in forest ecology and land rehabilitation in the tropics, but information on AM susceptibility, host dependence, and host responsiveness to the fungi is scarce. The present study was carried out under greenhouse conditions in a low-fertility soil with 29 woody species. There were very large differences between plant species in AM colonization, responsiveness to inoculation, mycorrhizal dependency and efficiency of phosphorus (P) uptake. All of these parameters were influenced by available soil P in solution. AM colonization ranged from zero in several non-mycotrophic species to >60% in the highly mycotrophic ones. Ten species (34% of the total) were found to be mycorrhizaindependent or non-mycotrophic, whereas the rest were highly to very highly dependent. The level of P above which there was no AM effect, defined here as the T′ value, allowed distinction between AM dependence and responsiveness of the host and was very efficient for separating species according to these traits. Mycorrhizal responsiveness and dependency were not related and some species were responsive to increased P in the soil solution only when mycorrhizal. Efficiency of P uptake was affected by AM and by P levels. Some species exhibited a high efficiency independent of AM, while others were very inefficient even at high P. Despite differences between species, in most cases AM growth enhancement was nutritionally mediated. Differences in AM responsiveness and dependency as well as the importance of these concepts for reforestation technology in the tropics are discussed.
The occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in a copper mining area was investigated. Soil samples were collected from six sites at the Mineração Caraiba, Bahia State, northeastern Brazil, comprising: (1) a site that receives the waste product; (2) a site that receives low grade deposits; (3) the interface between the caatinga and site 1; (4) the surroundings of the industrial area; (5) the site for extracting topsoil for land filling; (6) the preserved caatinga. Thirty-two plant species were identified around the collection locations. Trap cultures were maintained in the greenhouse for 3 months, using bahia grass ( Paspalum notatum Flügge) as the host plant. Spores were extracted from soil and 21 AMF species (15 Glomus and one of each of Acaulospora, Archaeospora, Entrophospora, Gigaspora , Paraglomus and Scutellospora) were identified. In site 1, plants or AMF were not found during the dry season. Site 6, with native vegetation, had the highest number of plants and AMF species. The disturbed sites showed less plant diversification, with the community of AMF being quantitative and qualitatively affected by disturbance.
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ResumoA busca da sustentabilidade na produção agrícola através de manejos conservacionistas, como o sistema plantio direto, tem favorecido os processos bioquímicos do solo como dos fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs), os quais promovem um aumento expressivo da superfície específica de absorção do sistema radicular das plantas. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a colonização micorrízica, densidade de esporos e a diversidade de FMAs na rizosfera de milho e soja cultivados sob plantio direto com diferentes plantas de cobertura e comparadas a uma área de preparo convencional e pousio, em Uberaba, MG. As culturas de milho e soja foram rotacionadas com milheto, crotalária e braquiária. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas. O experimento foi implantado em 2000 e, em 2007 avaliou-se a colonização radicular por FMAs (COL) e densidade de esporos no solo (ESP) nas profundidades de 0,0-0,05 m e 0,05-0,10 m, já a avaliação da diversidade de FMAs foi na profundidade de 0,0-0,10 m. Verificou-se que houve efeito significativo das culturas sobre COL e ESP. Entretanto, o efeito das coberturas e do manejo foi verificado apenas em 0,0-0,05 m. As raízes de milho apresentam maiores porcentagens de COL e ESP quando comparado com a soja, para as coberturas de braquiária e milheto. A colonização micorrízica da soja e do milho na área de Cerrados foi acima de 80% para soja e 95% para o milho. O sistema de preparo convencional do solo apresentou o menor número de espécies de FMAs em relação às coberturas de milheto e braquiária, em sistema plantio direto com milho e soja. A análise de componentes principais com algumas variáveis químicas, físicas e biológicas do solo evidencia a separação das áreas avaliadas, sendo as variáveis COL e ESP eficientes na separação das áreas em cultivo, para as condições do presente estudo. Palavras-chave: Sistema plantio direto, culturas do milho e da soja, plantas de cobertura, indicadores de qualidade do solo 1 Engº Agrº, Doutorando em Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro,
Resumo -Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a resposta de mudas de cedro (Cedrela fissilis Vell.) a espécies de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) e determinar o grau de dependência micorrízica dessas mudas. O ensaio foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em delineamento de blocos inteiramente casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 (doses de P) x 5 (4 espécies de FMA e testemunha sem inoculação), com seis repetições. Glomus clarum foi a espécie de FMA mais eficiente em promover o crescimento e a nutrição fosfatada de mudas de cedro, principalmente quando a inoculação foi realizada em substrato com P disponível em torno de 12 mg dm -3 . A economia de P aplicado equivale a aproximadamente 63%, em relação à testemunha sem inoculação, quando foram buscados 80% do crescimento máximo. Verificou-se elevado grau de dependência micorrízica das mudas de cedro e, portanto, a inoculação de FMA é um procedimento que deve ser considerado na fase de viveiro, para garantir o sucesso do estabelecimento e crescimento em campo dessas mudas.Termos para indexação: Cedrela fissilis, endossimbiose, nutrição fosfatada, eficiência simbiótica, fósforo, inoculação. Cedar seedlings dependency and responsiveness to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungiAbstract -The objectives of this work were to evaluate cedar (Cedrela fissilis Vell.) seedlings responsiveness to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species and to determine mycorrhizal dependency degree of this seedling. The experiment was carried out at greenhouse, in a complete randomized block design as a factorial set 5 (P doses) x 5 (4 AMF species + noninoculated treatment) with six replications. Glomus clarum was the most efficient AMF species in promoting the growth and P nutrition of cedar seedlings, especially when the inoculation was done in substratum containing P available levels close to 12 mg dm -3 . The saving of applied P was approximately 63%, regarding noninoculated treatment when 80% of the maximum growth was estimated. The elevated degree of mycorrhizal dependency of cedar seedlings was verified, so AMF inoculation is a procedure that should be considered in nursery stage, in order to guarantee cedar seedlings successful establishment and growth on field conditions.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da disponibilidade de P no solo, da micorriza formada por Glomus etunicatum e de Mycoform, um estimulante desta última, no crescimento e competição inicial de seis espécies arbóreas semeadas diretamente. O trabalho foi realizado em casa de vegetação com as espécies Senna macranthera (fedegoso), Guazuma ulmifolia (mutamba), Senna multijuga (cássia-verrugosa), Solanum granuloso-leprosum (gravitinga), Schinus terebenthifolius (aroeira) e Trema micrantha (trema), em solo com níveis de P na solução considerados muito baixo, baixo e alto, com inoculação ou não do fungo micorrízico arbuscular G. etunicatum, além do tratamento G. etunicatum + Mycoform. O crescimento das mudas respondeu à inoculação em P muito baixo e baixo. As mudas apresentaram moderada dependência das micorrizas, não respondendo ao G. etunicatum em P alto. Gravitinga morreu em P muito baixo, mas foi dominante com P baixo e alto. Fedegoso foi dominante com P muito baixo, mostrando-se adaptado à baixa fertilidade. G. etunicatum influenciou a dominância das espécies, auxiliando as menos competitivas e gerando maior equilíbrio. Mycoform influenciou pouco o crescimento, nutrição e competição. O crescimento de espécies pioneiras semeadas diretamente é favorecido pela elevação do P e pelas micorrizas, as quais também favorecem o equilíbrio entre espécies.Termos para indexação: fungo micorrízico, inoculação, reflorestamento, floresta tropical, adubação. Effects of Glomus etunicatum and phosphorus on initial growth of woody species at direct seedingAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of soil P availability, mycorrhiza and a mycorrhiza stimulatory product (Mycoform) upon growth and initial competition of six sown woody species, in the greenhouse. The species Senna macranthera, Guazuma ulmifolia, Senna multijuga, Solanum granuloso-leprosum, Schinus terebenthifolius and Trema micrantha were sown together in a soil with very low, low and high levels of P in soil solution combined with inoculation treatments of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus etunicatum, G. etunicatum + Mycoform and a non-inoculated control. Growth response to mycorrhizal inoculation occurred with very low and low phosphorus. The seedlings presented moderate mycorrhizal dependency, because there was no response with high phosphorus. Solanum granuloso-leprosum died with very low P, but was the dominant specie with low and high P, and very responsive to phosphorus. Senna macranthera was dominant only with very low P, indicating that it is quite adapted to low fertility soils. Glomus etunicatum influenced the species dominance, promoting the least competitive species and favoring uniformity in plant growth. Growth, nutrition and competition were little influenced by Mycoform. The growth of pioneer species is favored by increasing P availability and by mycorrhiza which also favores the growth equilibrium between them in mixed and direct seeding on low fertility soil.
ResumoO objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o crescimento de mudas de Angico [Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan] sob o efeito da inoculação de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) em solo preservado e antropizado. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação, no período de janeiro a setembro de 2006. O arranjo experimental foi em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial de 2 x 4, sendo dois tipos de solo (preservado ou antropizado) em quatro tratamentos distintos de inoculação micorrízica sendo (1) Solo esterilizado submetido à inoculação com a mistura Glomus etunicatum + Paraglomus brasilianum; (2) Solo esterilizado submetido à inoculação com a mistura Glomus etunicatum + Gigaspora margarita; (3) Solo esterilizado não inoculado (controle) (4) Solo natural (não esterilizado e não inoculado), com cinco repetições. Foram avaliados o crescimento em altura a cada 15 dias e, aos 150 dias, a área foliar, matéria seca da parte aérea e das raízes, comprimento de raízes, teores de nutrientes da parte aérea e colonização micorrízica. Melhor crescimento das mudas de angico foi observado no tratamento com solo esterilizado e inoculado com a mistura de G. margarita e G. etunicatum, o qual refletiu em aumento da área foliar, matéria seca da parte aérea e das raízes, assim como maior comprimento de raízes e colonização micorrízica, tanto no solo da área preservada quanto no da antropizada.Palavras-chave: Anadenanthera macrocarpa, micorrização, área degradada, leguminosa arbórea. Mycorrhizal inoculation on angico seedlings growing with soil from cerrado AbstractThe objective of this research was to evaluate the Angico seedling growth [Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan] under the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation (FMAs) in preserved and antropized soils. This study was developed under greenhouse condition and the experiment was arranged in a complete random design within a factorial scheme 2x4 with five replications. There were two soils (preserved and antropized) and four treatments of mycorrhizal inoculation: (1) sterilized soil and inoculated with association of Glomus etunicatum + Paraglomus brasilianum; (2) sterilized soil and inoculated with association of Glomus etunicatum + Gigaspora margarita soil; (3) sterilized and not inoculated soil, i.e., control; and (4) natural soil (not sterilized and not inoculated). The growth in height was evaluated each 15 days and the leaf area, root and shoot dry matter, root length, shoot nutrient contents and mycorrhizal colonization were evaluated on the 150 th day. The best growth of Angico seedlings was observed in the treatment with sterilized soil inoculated with a mixture of Gigaspora margarita and Glomus etunicatum, which caused increases in leaf area, root and shoot dry matter, as well as longer roots and larger mycorrhizal colonization, in both preserved and antropized soils.
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