The statistically significant results of many RCTs hinge on small numbers of events. The Fragility Index complements the P-value and helps identify less robust results.
These results suggest that an elevated pre-operative BNP or NT-proBNP measurement is a powerful, independent predictor of cardiovascular events in the first 30 days after noncardiac surgery.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence is rising among adolescents and young adults (AYAs), with the greatest increase occurring in distal colon and rectal cancers. Reasons for this striking trend are not well understood. Genetically linked cases of CRC occur in the context of familial conditions such as Lynch Syndrome, but most AYA cases of CRC are sporadic. Unique biology is suggested, yet limited information is available regarding the molecular underpinnings of CRC in this age group. Young patients are more likely to experience delays in diagnosis and to present with advanced-stage disease; yet, prognosis by stage is comparable between younger and older adults. Treatment paradigms are based on evidence reflecting the older adult population. Given the concerning rise in CRC rates among AYAs, there is urgent need for further research into the role of screening from a younger age, biology of disease, and optimal therapies in this age group. K E Y W O R D S adolescents, colorectal neoplasm, young adults 1 INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. 1 CRC largely remains a disease of older adults with only a minority of cases diagnosed in adolescents and young adults (AYAs), aged 15-39 years. While effective screening has contributed to reduced incidence and mortality from CRC in recent decades, young-onset CRC is on the rise. 2 CRC linked to familial syndromes is more common among AYAs, yet the vast majority of cases in this age group are sporadic. 3 A full understanding of drivers of CRC in this age group is lacking; however, age-based disparities relating to CRC have been a focus of recent literature. Epidemiology, risk factors, biology, prognosis, clinical management, and unique considerations for CRC in AYAs will be reviewed here.
To cite this article: Goy J, Lee J, Levine O, Chaudhry S, Crowther M. Sub-segmental pulmonary embolism in three academic teaching hospitals: a review of management and outcomes. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13: 214-8.
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