Within Enugu and Anambra States, Nigeria, identification of fishes has been based on morphological traits and do not account for existing biodiversity. For DNA barcoding, assessment of biodiversity, conservation and fishery management, 44 fish sampled from Enugu and Anambra States were isolated, amplified and sequenced with mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). Twenty groups clustering at 100% bootstrap value including monophyletic ones were identified. The phylogenetic diversity (PD) ranged from 0.0397 (Synodontis obesus) to 0.2147 (Parachanna obscura). The highest percentage of genetic distance based on Kimura 2-parameter was 37.00 ± 0.0400. Intergeneric distances ranged from 15.8000 to 37.0000%. Congeneric distances were 6.9000 ± 0.0140–28.1000 ± 0.0380, with Synodontis as the existing synonymous genus. Confamilial distances in percentage were 16.0000 ± 0.0140 and 25.7000 ± 0.0300. Forty-two haplotypes and haplotype diversity of 0.9990 ± 0.0003 were detected. Nucleotide diversity was 0.7372, while Fu and Li’s D* test statistic was 2.1743 (P < 0.02). Tajima’s D was 0.2424 (P > 0.10) and nucleotide frequencies were C (17.70%), T (29.40%), A (24.82%), G (18.04%) and A + T (54.22%). Transitional mutations were more than transversions. Twenty species (99–100%) were identified with the e-value, maximum coverage and bit-score of 1e−43, 99–100 and 185–1194, respectively. Seventeen genera and 12 families were found and Clariidae (n = 14) was the most dominant among other families. The fish species resolution, diversity assessment and phylogenetic relationships were successfully obtained with the COI marker. Clariidae had the highest number of genera and families. Phylogenetic diversity analysis identified Parachanna obscura as the most evolutionarily divergent one. This study will contribute to fishery management, and conservation of freshwater fishes in Enugu and Anambra States, Nigeria.
Sixty-six accessions of Musa genus with different genomic groups that consisted of wild relatives and cultivated lines were obtained from the International Transit Center, Belgium, for DNA extraction using Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide method, followed by amplification with Conserved DNA-derived Polymorphism (CDDP) markers for genetic diversity and population assessment. A total of 421 alleles with major allele frequency of 2.051 were detected from the reproducible markers. High genetic diversity (GD, 11.093) and polymorphic information content (0.918) were revealed. The number of polymorphic loci and percentage of polymorphic loci ranged from 59 to 66 and 89.34 to 100, respectively. Using the potential genetic indicators including effective number of alleles, Nei’s genetic diversity, and Shannon’s information index, the AS genomic group was identified to have the highest GD, while the AAA accessions had the lowest GD indices. The GD parameters identified in the accessions were ranked as AS > AAB > AAAA > AA > ABB > wild diploidy > BB > AB > AAA from high to low based on polymorphic loci of the markers. Total intraspecific GD, interspecific GD, and estimate gene flow identified were 0.433, 0.404, and 7.113, respectively. The coefficient of gene differentiation of 0.066 was obtained, indicating 6.57% among the population and 93.43% within the population. Dendrogram analysis produced nine major groups with subgroups at similarity index of 0.814. These CDDP functional gene-based markers were informative and very efficient in resolving GD, and population indices among the banana and plantain accessions of different genomes. The identified CDDP markers might serve as potential tools for selecting suitable training populations for breeding and conservation of Musa species.
Assessing the effectiveness of different molecular markers is essential for identification of appropriate ones for crop improvement and conservation, hence, inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and start codon targeted (SCoT) markers were used for this study. Sixty-six accessions with different genomes obtained from International Transit Center, Belgium, were used for DNA extraction, amplification with ISSR and SCoT markers and agarose gel electrophoresis. The reproducible bands were scored for analyses. We identified high allelic richness of 299 (ISSR) and 326 (SCoT). Polymorphic information contents (ISSR: 0.9225; SCoT: 0.9421) were high but SCoT exhibited higher level of informativeness. The two markers demonstrated high percentage polymorphic loci (ISSR: 91.21–100%; SCoT: 96.97–100%). Other genetic indicators including effective number of alleles, Nei’s genetic diversity, and Shannon information index were higher in SCoT and further elucidated the usefulness of the markers. Intraspecific genetic diversity, interspecific genetic diversity, coefficient of gene differentiation and level of gene flow revealed extensive gene flow and larger variability within the accessions. Both ISSR and SCoT grouped the accessions via dendrogram, biplot and structure analyses. Though the two marker systems varied in their informativeness, they demonstrated high effectiveness in resolving genetic diversity (GD) of the different accessions, with higher efficiency in SCoT markers. Due to higher GD indices exhibited by SCoT, AS is the most genetically endowed one. Our study showed that SCoT markers are more informative than ISSR for GD exploration, assessment and cluster resolution of Musa species, thereby revealing the potential of SCoT markers for improved breeding and conservation.
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