The objective of this article is to present 3 various types of gummy smile treated with botulinum toxin-A injection per site at Yonsei points. The patients, who visited the department to demand a more aesthetic smile, were classified according to gummy smile type: asymmetric, anterior, and mixed. Botulinum toxin-A injection at Yonsei point was considered. Preinjection and postinjection pictures were taken, and the severity of excessive gingival display was measured for each tooth between second premolars. Two weeks after botulinum toxin injections, no complication was noted. The amount of excessive gingival display for each tooth between second premolars was measured less than 3 mm, and the percentage of improvement for each case was calculated 100%. The botulinum toxin injection at Yonsei point may be a predictable and noninvasive treatment option for various types of gummy smile.

ObjectivesThe aim of present study was to review current literature concerning extraction socket classification immediately following tooth extraction and the rationales for socket preservation/augmentation procedures and with reference to it suggest novel clinical decision tree for extraction socket preservation/augmentation in aesthetic and non-aesthetic area.Material and MethodsThe search protocol used the electronic MEDLINE (PubMed) and EMBASE databases for articles published between January 1 2009 and May 1 2019. The search included only human studies published in English. Outcomes were the indications and reasons for socket preservation/augmentation and classification of extraction sockets.ResultsTen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were selected for the study. Although there are various types of extraction socket classifications none of them could completely evaluate all morphological parameters of alveolar ridge. Furthermore, present study revealed that indications for extraction socket preservation/augmentation have wider spectrum than socket morphology and are related to surrounding tissue anatomy or dental implantation operation indications and timing. Based on currently proposed extraction socket classifications and rationales, a novel decision tree for extraction socket preservation/augmentation immediately after tooth extraction in aesthetic and non-aesthetic area was suggested.ConclusionsThe need of extraction socket preservation/augmentation immediately after tooth extraction should be determined by the aesthetic, functional and risk-related viewpoint. A novel clinical decision tree for extraction socket preservation/augmentation immediately after tooth extraction in aesthetic and non-aesthetic zones can be useful tool in socket preservation/augmentation procedures.

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Background. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) allows a detailed visualization of the anatomic structures of the jaw. There have been presented variations of the anatomic structures between genders after evaluating the structures in detail.Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the anatomic variations of the jaws according to gender and age in an effort to avoid complications during implant surgeries.Material and methods. In this retrospective study, a total of 159 scans (87 of the maxilla, 72 of the mandible) were evaluated in order to analyze the effect of age and gender on these anatomic variations.Results. According to statistical analysis, gender affected the crestal dimensions above the mandibular canal and sinus mucosal thickening. The mean value of the width of the mandibular canal, the distance between the mandibular canal and the superior border of the mandible, the distance between the mandibular canal and the inferior border of the mandible, the diameter of the mental foramen, the distance between the mental foramen and the inferior border of the mandible, and the distance between the lingual foramen and the inferior border of the mandible were significantly greater in female patients than in male subjects (p < 0.001). However, sinus mucosal thickening and the diameter of the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) were significantly greater in males as compared to females (p < 0.001). While the configuration of the nasopalatine canal was funnel-shaped in female patients, this configuration was found to be cylinder-shaped in male subjects. A high prevalence of sinus septa (43.7%) and PSAA (87.4%) was detected in the scans. Conclusions.When planning dental implants, radiographic examinations, alongside clinical examinations, have become necessary to reduce the risk of implant surgery failure and complications. The CBCT imaging is a valuable tool to determine the anatomic structures before carrying out any surgeries, including implant surgery. Gender affects anatomical variations and dimensions significantly, even when they are not affected by age. Large population focused and multicenter studies may provide a better understanding of the need to evaluate the anatomical structures in detail.