Fracture healing is the result of highly ordered physiological and cellular pathways to restore the structure and function of broken bones. Therefore, bone, unlike other types of tissues, heals when the damaged area of the bone is completely reshaped biochemically and biomechanically. Many effective mechanisms such as systemic biological factors, biochemical factors, hormonal factors, and biomechanical factors affect fracture healing. [1,2] A problem that occurs in this process may result in nonunion or late union. [3,4] Bone healing problems are common, particularly in fractures with bone defects. Numerous negative mechanical factors such as excess motion at the fracture site, a large interfragmentary gap and loss of blood supply affect the development of nonunion. [5] On the other hand, although the infection does not cause nonunion on its own, it creates a predisposition by creating similar factors that cause nonunion. Factors such as old age, cachexia and malnutrition, steroids or anticoagulants, Objectives: This study aims to investigate the efficacy of tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) on fracture healing in rat femurs.Materials and methods: Forty-two female Wistar Albino rats were randomized into two groups (Group 1 and Group 2, n=21 for each). The left femur of all animals was fractured by osteotomy after deep anesthesia with ketamine. Additional procedure was not applied to the rats in Group 1. Rats in Group 2, following osteotomy, were applied to the fracture line approximately 2 mL TTCP. The animals were sacrificed at Weeks 1, 2, and 3 after surgery (seven animals were sacrificed from each group each week) and the broken femurs were removed. The femurs were examined first radiographically and second histopathologically.Results: Radiologically, callus maturity and bone union increased with time in both groups. However, no significant differences were found regarding callus maturity and bone union in weekly comparisons (anteroposterior plain: p=0.53, p=0.37, p=0.42, lateral plain: p=0.26, p=0.42, p=0.87). Histopathologically, the fractures healed normally as the weeks progressed in both groups. The histological scores of Group 2 were higher at Weeks 1, 2, and 3. In the evaluation, no significant difference was found between the groups in terms of histological scores except for the first week (p=0.024, p=104, p=462, respectively). Conclusion:Although there was no statistically significant difference in the histological evaluation of both groups, except for the first week, the histological scores of Group 2, which underwent TTCP in all weeks, were higher. According to the results of this study, we believe that TTCP may be beneficial, particularly in the early stages of fracture healing.
We aimed to compare the serological profiles of the pups that were housed with their biological mothers and the ones which were transferred to foster-dams after birth, with regard to certain viral agents. The day of delivery for the pregnant rat is recognized as the postnatal day 0 (P0). The pups born from Group 1 [P(0), P(21), P(60)] pregnant rats were housed with their biological mothers. In Group 2 [P(1), P(21), P(60)], however, P(1) consisted of pups housed with their biological mother for 24 hours while P(21) and P(60) consisted of pups transferred from the their biological mother immediately at birth. Antibody response against Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV), Rat Parvo Virus (RPV), Sendai Virus (SV) and Toolan's H1 viruses was not detected in dams and pups of all the groups, whereas high rate (45%) of antibody positivity was observed in response to Kilham' Rat Virus (KRV). No statistically significant difference was determined between the pups left with their biological mother and with the foster mothers, except for Murine Adeno Virus type 1, type 2 (MAD 1 and 2), Reovirus type 3 (REO-3) and Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV). It was conspicuous in terms of REO-3 that for the pups it was essential to stay with their biological mothers and nursed during the first 24 hours. As a result, foster mother usage in breeding laboratory animals is found to be beneficial against a variety of viral agents for the pups particularly in the later period of their lives and we suggest to continue this implementation in routine laboratory practice whenever necessary.
Background: Studies have shown that bioactive cements have beneficial bone-forming effects. Our objective in the present study is to investigate the efficacy of tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) on fracture healing in rat femur.Materials and methods: Forty-two female Wistar Albino rats randomized into two groups (groups 1 and 2, n=21 for each). The left femur of all animals was fractured by osteotomy after deep anesthesia with ketamine. Additional procedure was not applied to the rats in group 1. Rats in Group 2, following osteotomy were applied to the fracture line approximately 2 cc TTCP. The animals were sacrificed on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd post-operative weeks (each week 7 animals were sacrificed from each group) and the broken femur were removed. The femur were examined first radiographically and second, histopathologically.Results: Radiologically, callus maturity and bone union increased with time in both groups. But no significant differences were found regarding callus maturity and bone union in weekly comparisons (Anteroposterior plain: p:0.53, p:0.37, p:0.42, Lateral plain p:0.26, p:0.42, p:0.87). Histopathologically, the fractures healed normally as the weeks progressed in both groups. In the comparison of both groups, no significant difference was found outside the 1st week, although the histological scores of group 2, who were treated for all weeks, were higher in terms of fracture healing (p:0,024, p:104,p:462).Conclusions: Although no significant difference was found in the comparison of both groups except for the first week, the histological scores of the group 2 who received TTCP in all weeks were higher in terms of fracture healing. According to the results of this study, we think that TTCP can be useful especially in the early stages of fracture healing.
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