Increased intraocular pressure after penetrating keratoplasty is a common clinical problem, and the risk factors are preoperative diagnosis of inflammatory diseases, peripheral anterior synechia, preoperative glaucoma, and additional surgery combined with penetrating keratoplasty.

Punctum stenosis is one of the several disorders that cause lacrimal drainage obstruction. Perforated punctal plugs are found convenient and effective in managing punctal stenosis.

An anterior approach with thoracotomy is needed for spine surgery in subjects with conditions such as lung cancer, trauma, hydatid cyst, etc. A good preoperative assessment of the vertebrae requiring intervention and the use of appropriate techniques for separating the diaphragm during thoracotomy may provide a good exposure up to the L3 level.

Although EX-DCR success rate was higher than that achieved with TCDL-DCR, the latter, with its shorter duration of surgery, lower perioperative complication rate, and a similar success rate, may be a good and acceptable surgical alternative in treatment of primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction.