Background We aimed to compare the clinical findings of human bocavirus (HBoV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infections, and to analyze the effects of coinfections on clinical features and disease severity in children with HBoV and HMPV infections. Methods Data were collected from 125 children with lower respiratory tract infections due to HBoV or HMPV, detected from nasal swap by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) during the period from January, 2013 to December, 2017. In total, there were 101 HBoV (group 1) and 23 HMPV (group 2) infections in our data. The patients were further divided into four subgroups according to the coinfection status: HoBV only (subgroup 1, n = 41), HMPV only (subgroup 2, n = 19), HBoV and coinfection with other respiratory viruses (subgroup 3, n = 60), and HMPV and coinfection with other respiratory viruses (subgroup 4, n = 4). Results The majority (88.8%) of the patients were aged 5 years or younger. Coinfections with other respiratory viruses were significantly more common in group 1 (P = 0.001). Among patients who had nosocomial pneumonia, patients with HBoV infections had significantly longer mean length of hospital stay (LOS) than those with HMPV infections (P = 0.032). The hospitalization and antibiotic requirements were significantly higher in subgroup 1 than subgroup 3 (P = 0.005, 0.039, resp.) According to the logistic regression analyses, the LOS increased by 21.7 times with HBoV infections (P = 0.006). Conclusions Human bocavirus and HMPV infections are serious pathogens mostly seen in children and usually requiring hospitalization regardless of co‐infection status. The HBoV infections caused longer LOS than the HMPV infections in patients with nosocomial infections.

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the comfort burden of hospitalized children admitted with influenza-like symptoms. Material and Methods: We prospectively followed patients with influenza-like symptoms between December 2015 and April 2016 in our tertiary care hospital within the Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network®. The influenza polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was studied in the nasopharyngeal swab specimens taken from the participants, and the comfort burden of influenza on patients with or without influenza infection was evaluated. Results: A total of 132 children with symptoms of influenza infection presented to the Hacettepe University İhsan Doğramacı Children's Hospital between December 2015 and April 2016 included in our study, and of these, the influenza virus was detected in 15 (11.3%), whose median age was 2.3 years (minimum-maximum: 35 days-12.3 years), while no influenza virus was detected in 117 patients. The median age of these patients was 2.2 years (minimum-maximum: 22 days-17.8 years). Similar findings were found in both groups in terms of hospitalization duration, school absenteeism, family night sleep disorder and parental work loss. Özet Giriş: Çalışmanın amacı, hastanemize influenza benzeri bulgularla gelen ve yatırılarak tedavi edilen çocuk hastaların konfor yüklerinin saptanmasıdır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmamızı, Aralık 2015 ve Nisan 2016 tarihleri arasında Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network® dahilinde prospektif olarak gerçekleştirildi. İnfluenza benzeri bulgular ile hastanemize yatırılan çocuk hastalar çalışmaya dahil edildi. Alınan nazofarengeal sürüntü örneklerinde, influenza polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PCR) çalışıldı. İnfluenza pozitifliği saptanan ve saptanmayan hastalar konfor yükleri açısından değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Çalışmaya; Aralık 2015 ve Nisan 2016 tarihleri arasında influenza enfeksiyonu semptomları ile hastanemize yatışı yapılan 132 çocuk olgu alındı. Hastaların, 15 (%11.3)'inde influenza virüsü izole edildi, bu hastaların ortanca yaşları 2.3 yıl (en küçük-en büyük; 35 gün-12.3 yıl), influenza saptanmayan 117 hastanın ortanca yaşı ise 2.2 yıl (en küçük-en büyük; 22 gün-17.8 yıl) idi. Hastanede yatış süreleri, okula devamsızlık süreleri, ailelerin gece uyku düzeni bozuklukları ve ebeveynlerin iş gücü kaybı açısından değerlendirildiğinde her iki grupta benzer farklılıklar tespit edildi.

The fusion of gonadal structures with internal organs is very rare. The close proximity between the left gonad and spleen during embryogenesis may result in splenogonadal fusion (SGF). Moreover, the trapping of hepatocyte-destined mesenchyme cells in gonads is defined as hepatogonadal fusion (HGF). The fusion of gonads with intra-abdominal organs may be continuous and may impair testicular descent during the prenatal period. We herein report an 18-month-old boy presented with bilateral nonpalpable testis due to concomitant continuous HGF and SGF. To our knowledge, this is the first case of concomitant HGF and SGF in a boy with bilateral intra-abdominal testis. Laparoscopic excision of fibrous cords and orchidopexy can be achieved despite continuous fusions.

Objective: Seasonal influenza is an acute viral respiratory tract infection which exhibits annual epidemics worldwide and effects all age groups. Surveillance studies provide monitoring annually circulating viruses. In addition, virus types can be determined in such period targeting patient-based diagnosis. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of duration of the viral classification studies in the laboratory on treatment planning in cases hospitalized due to influenza-like symptoms. Material and Methods: Children younger than 18 years of age, hospitalized due to symptoms that might be associated with influenza infection between the December 2015 and April 2016 influenza season were tested for Influenza A and Influenza B viruses in nasopharyngeal swab sampling. Demographic characteristics, duration of symptoms, duration to get the viral detection results (polymerase chain reaction: PCR) in the laboratory, and duration of hospitalization were evaluated. Results: A total of 132 pediatric patients were included in the study and the median age was 27.1 months [IQR (interquartile range): 4-99.7]. Fifteen patients (11.3%) were influenza positive by PCR. Empirical oseltamivir treatment was given to 22% of the patients. Among the fifteen patients (11. 3%) who were positive for influenza virus, six were administered empirical oseltamivir within the first 48 hours of admission, before the laboratory results were obtained and no antiviral was administered to the others found influenza positive. At the admission, the median symptom duration was 2 days (IQR: 1-4) whereas median hospitalization duration was 7 days (IQR: 4-11). The median duration to get the laboratory results was 8 days (IQR: 6.2-10).

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Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the comfort burden of hospitalized children admitted with influenza-like symptoms. Material and Methods: We prospectively followed patients with influenza-like symptoms between December 2015 and April 2016 in our tertiary care hospital within the Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network®. The influenza polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was studied in the nasopharyngeal swab specimens taken from the participants, and the comfort burden of influenza on patients with or without influenza infection was evaluated. Results: A total of 132 children with symptoms of influenza infection presented to the Hacettepe University İhsan Doğramacı Children's Hospital between December 2015 and April 2016 included in our study, and of these, the influenza virus was detected in 15 (11.3%), whose median age was 2.3 years (minimum-maximum: 35 days-12.3 years), while no influenza virus was detected in 117 patients. The median age of these patients was 2.2 years (minimum-maximum: 22 days-17.8 years). Similar findings were found in both groups in terms of hospitalization duration, school absenteeism, family night sleep disorder and parental work loss. Conclusion: Viral infections, especially influenza, are one of the leading causes of admission in children hospitals. Prospective studies involving larger patient groups are required to determine the comfort burden of such infections on affected individuals, families and society.