Four new sesquiterpene lactones, 8α-(2′Z-tigloyloxy)-hirsutinolide (1), 8α-(2′Z-tigloyloxy)-hirsutinolide-13-O-acetate (2), 8α-(4-hydroxytigloyloxy)-hirsutinolide (3), and 8α-hydroxy-13-O-tigloyl-hirsutinolide (4), along with seven known derivatives (5–11), three norisoprenoids (12–14), a flavonoid (15), and a linoleic acid derivative (16), were isolated from the chloroform partition of a methanol extract from the combined leaves and stems of Vernonia cinerea. Their structures were established by 1D and 2D NMR, UV, and MS analyses. Compounds 1–16 were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against the viability of U251MG glioblastoma and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells that harbour aberrantly-active STAT3, compared to normal NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts that show no evidence of activated STAT3. Among the isolates, compounds 2 and 7 inhibited the aberrant STAT3 activity in glioblastoma or breast cancer cells. Further, compounds 7 and 8 inhibited viability of all three cell lines, compounds 2, 4, and 9 predominantly inhibited the viability of the U251MG glioblastoma cell line.
This communication was to share the efforts made in developing the fully online courses in medicinal chemistry during the educational disruption due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In the academic year 2020, the online course was implemented for the first time at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Thailand. Various online teaching strategies were integrated, raising the question of whether the developed online courses would deliver similar learning outcomes to the traditional classroom. At the end of each semester, the teaching assessment report was conducted and evaluated in 4 parts: part 1, evaluation of lecturer; part 2, student’s self-evaluation; part 3, learning outcome development after studying the course; part 4, appropriateness of class environment and equipment. Overall, student responses toward parts 1–3 in the online class were as satisfactory as those in the previous on-site class. Lower scores toward part 4 were observed in the online class. In addition, student performance in terms of grade distributions between the on-site and online classes was different. On-site students earned the highest proportion of A grades, whereas online students earned a higher proportion of B+’s to F’s. While the pandemic persists and the need for online courses remains, we hope that this communication will provide some educational insight and strategies to help in the ongoing efforts to adapt and establish more successful online courses.
Madhuca longifolia (J.Koenig ex L.) Macbr. belongs to the Sapotaceae family. This research work focused on the determination of gallic acid and quercetin in an aqueous leaf extract of M. longilolia. The development and validation of the analytical method using HPLC-DAD have been performed. The validated method was applied to determine both compounds in the leaves of M. longifolia. Optimized HPLC conditions were developed and validated for specificity, linearity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy. The linearity ranges and linear regression value were 3.125 to 100 μg/mL with r2=1 for gallic acid and 0.78 to 50 μg/mL with r2=0.9999 for quercetin, respectively. The LOD and LOQ were 0.24 and 0.73 μg/mL for gallic acid and 0.21 and 0.63 μg/mL for quercetin. Intra and inter-day precision were in the range of 0.18 to 1.76. The recovery percentage were 103.86% to 104.98% for gallic acid and 100.10% to 102.97% for quercetin. The concentration ranges of gallic acid and quercetin in the extracts were 207.95 to 405.79 mg/100 g and 7.31 to 20.56 mg/100 g, respectively. The developed HPLC method was considered to be accurate, precise and reliable for the determination of gallic acid and quercetin in M. longifolia aqueous leaf extract. This may be the first-time report for HPLC-DAD method development for the determination of bioactive phenolic compounds in Madhuca longifolia from Myanmar.
Tea infusion is one of the most widely popular beverages. With several medicinal activities, mulberry leaf is listed as a raw material for tea infusion by the Thai Ministry of Public Health. However, long-term consumption may lead to health risk from toxic trace elements accumulated in herbal raw materials. In this research, the potentially toxic metal (including As, Cd, Pb, Ni and Ba) contents were determined in six mulberry reference leaves and nineteen commercial tea infusion products from local harvester (LHG) and non-harvester (non-LHG) groups using ICP-MS. Each sample was analyzed in triplicate. Health risks of toxic metal consumption was evaluated through content mean value, t-test and Pearson correlation at the significance level of 0.05. The relevant aspects of principal component analysis were also discussed. No observed contents of heavy metals in all sample exceeded the limitation of Thai FDA and WHO. Yet, it was notified that quantity of As, Cd, Ni and Ba in commercial products was higher than that of references while there was no difference in Pb content between two groups. Further investigation found that Cd, Ni and Ba contents in samples from LHG were lower than those from non-LHG significantly. On the contrary, higher Pb content was found in sample from LHG than that from non-LHG group. The amount of As was not different in both groups. As the result, awareness of environmental controls in cultivation area and proper production is crucial to reduce health risk of exposure to heavy metals.
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