No abstract

These results in conjunction with other presenting circumstances, such as delay in presentation, can assist the surgeon treating patients with maxillofacial injury in recognizing interpersonal violence against women.

Our results support conservative management of nondisplaced or minimally displaced fractures based on the low complication rate seen in this series. Significant bone displacement can frequently be managed with simple ORIF. Complex fractures affecting the orbit or intracranial contents require cranialization or possibly obliteration. A subset of patients with suspected frontal sinus outflow obstruction can be considered for observation or simple ORIF with close follow up and endoscopic repair if outflow complications manifest.

These findings suggest that differences in bone growth factor osteogenic potential deserve further study and may have an impact on the translation of osteoinductive protein therapy into clinical practice.

B-2.