correspondiente a el Área Metropolitana. La aproximación metodológica se lleva a cabo en dos vías, por un lado, se lleva a cabo un análisis espacial a través de la identificación de agrupamientos o cluster y puntos calientes por medio de tres indicadores: la medida de pobreza multidimensional, el índice de desempeño fiscal y la medición del desempeño integral municipal; este resultado se intersecta con la ubicación de las AUF y se analizan los entornos favorables o desfavorables de cada indicador como aproximación exploratoria de una interdependencia espacial. De otro lado, tanto los resultados de la identificación de las AUF por parte del estudio de la OCDE y el análisis espacial realizado en esta investigación, son discutidos a través del concepto de expertos en la figura en cuestión, así como a través de un grupo de discusión. Si bien la figura resulta atractiva en términos de la identificación de AUF en el país desde una perspectiva metodológica, además de romper con los esquemas político administrativos de los municipios, no es la única forma de identificación de este tipo de aglomeraciones en el país. Asimismo, la adopción de esta figura sugiere la consolidación de más áreas metropolitanas en Colombia para la mejor aplicabilidad de políticas públicas urbanas que promuevan nuevos esquemas de gobernanza urbana y la coordinación entre los distintos niveles de gobierno debido a su subutilización al estar sólo configuradas seis en el país. También, resultar particular el hecho que el estudio de la OCDE identifica 51 AUF y la Misión del Sistema de Ciudades a 143 áreas urbanas bajo otros criterios y están distribuidas en todo el territorio nacional.

This text attempts to examine the structuring of the urban environment, taking into account the geographically traditional spatial aspects of various phenomena as well as their temporal characteristics. Places are anchored in time and time in turn may be said to unfold in space. It is thus impossible to achieve an understanding of space without the necessary temporal dimension; indeed, the debate over the conceptualization of timespace has gained considerable currency in the social sciences. This text forms a response to this point of interest, providing a discussion of the chronotopic approach. The first part examines the concept of time and timespace, respectively, in the social sciences; particular attention is paid to the non-trivial aspects of the relationship between time and space. The abovementioned chronotope analytical and interpretive model is utilized throughout. For the purposes of this article, the model is defined as a specific part of the urban space defined by a unique temporality, i.e. based on a specific combination of overlapping rhythms. Such an approach opens up the possibility of regionalization on the basis of a specific temporality on different spatial scales. The empirical part of the text attempts to characterize the differentiation of urban space in Brno on the basis of a spectral analysis of three selected rhythms-the work cycle of a given locale, average duration of shopping session and public transport frequency. Model cases of selected urban chronotopes are subsequently developed on the basis of the rhythmicity of these activities.

This paper examines the transformation of the postindustrial city in terms of its temporal structure. It takes concepts of time geography, routine, and rhythmicity of the classic Lund school, Lefebvre's analysis of rhythms, and Crang's geographic application of the chronotope concept as its starting points. Analyzing changes in the city bus transport services in Brno between 1989 and 2009, the paper attempts to capture in empirical terms the onset of the postindustrial phase of the city's development. While temporality of an industrial city can be characterized by a shared rhythm determined by a small number of dominant pacemakers (industrial plants), the deindustrialized city is associated with a significant weakening of such pacemakers cutting across the society and thus with a distinctive individualization of urban rhythmicity.

Abstract

Daily rhythmical patterns in the city are investigated in depth in this paper. The city is conceptualised here as a cyclical process and described by a sequence of relatively stable spatial-temporal stages. The concept of a chronotope is incorporated in the analysis of retail opening hours in the middle-sized city of Brno (Czech Republic), in order to identify distinct fusions of specific times and specific retail places and to examine their position within the daily rhythms of the city. There are distinct time-space retail configurations (chronotopes), which play crucial roles in the social negotiation and imagination of basic temporal categories, such as early morning, late morning, lunchtime, afternoon, evening, as being taken-for-granted in the urban context. More generally, the paper offers an example of the ways in which the specific daily rhythms of the city are produced and structured.