The research was aimed to choose the most appropriate aquatic plant in high capacity as grown in small wetland for community wastewater treatment, they were Typha angustifolia Linn., Cyperus corymbosus Rottb., and Canna indica Linn. The small wetland, sometimes called vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW), has been designated on 100-m long, 5-m wide and 0.75-m deep in size in which four-hole pipes were laid down at the bottom for releasing some treated wastewater as effluent through the outlet to the storage reservoir. There must be paved the gravel on the bottom up to the level of 5-cm height and overtopping with sand about 15 cm that be followed by 30-cm mixed soil (soil: sand equivalent to 3:1). All selected aquatic plant species were planted in small wetland before flowing community wastewater until soil at saturated level for first week and about 30 cm during second week up to the maximum age of plants. The choosing aquatic plant species were only depended on the high efficiency of wastewater treatment. The most probable aquatic plant was selected on Typha as the first priority for high wastewater treatment efficiency, Canna the second, and more or less efficiency for the others. Fortunately, Typha has been grown well in everywhere, particularly flat wetland in central, west, east and down north of Thailand.
The research on community wastewater treatment through small aquatic-planting and grass-filtration constructed wetland in cooperating with oxidation ponds is aimed to establish demonstration models for eliminating organic contaminants under nature-by-nature process, simple technology and less expenses. There have been 7 small wetlands on 100-m x 5-m x 0.75-m small vertical flow construction wetlands (VFCW), 7 small wetlands on 25-m x 5-m x 0.75-m small VFCW in cooperating with zero discharge, 2 experimental plots of planted mangrove forest and 5-consecutive oxidation ponds plus 3 herbivore fishes per square meter.For research operation, some municipal wastewater were pumped about 0.025-cms flow rate from Phetchaburi collected pond through 18.5-km HPDE pipe with separating receivers: firstly, to small grass and aquatic planted wetlands; secondly, to small constructed wetlands; thirdly, to the planted mangrove forest; and finally to the 5-consecutive ponds in descending order of 20 cm by beginning the depth of 2.6 m at the first pond (sedimentation pond) till 1.8 m at the last pond, In basic principles, an influent has to flow continuously at height of one-third depth below surface of oxidation pond on hydraulic retention time (HRT), then flowing over weir crest about 5 cm. The effluent of each oxidation pond was monthly sampled for analyzing the water quality in order to estimate the efficiency of wastewater treatment. In the same procedures, the effluent from small wetlands as grown by aquatic plants as well as zero discharge had to collect for water quality analysis. The results found the wastewater treatment efficiency above 60 percentages for COD, BOD, and TSS. The usable life of plants for maximum wastewater treatment efficiency were specified at 90 days and 45 days for aquatic plants (Typha angustifolia Linn. and Cyperus corymbosus Rottb.), respectively. It was noticed that small wetland and oxidation pond were suitable for community wastewater treatment and gained benefits from the wastewater treatment system.
Biomass burning (BB) is an important source of atmospheric persistent organic pollutants (POPs) across the world. However, there are few field-based regional studies regarding the POPs released from BB. Due to the current limitations of emission factors and satellites, the contribution of BB to airborne POPs is still not well understood. In this study, with the simultaneous monitoring of BB biomarkers and POPs based on polyurethane foam-based passive air sampling technique, we mapped the contribution of BB to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the Indo-China Peninsula. Spearman correlations between levoglucosan and 16 PCBs (r s = 0.264−0.767, p < 0.05) and 2 OCPs (r s = 0.250−0.328, p < 0.05) confirmed that BB may facilitate POP emissions. Source apportionment indicated that BB contributed 9.3% to the total PCB and OCP mass. The high contribution of positive matrix factorizationresolved BB to PCBs and OCPs was almost consistent with their concentration distributions in the open BB season but not completely consistent with those in the pre-monsoon and/or monsoon seasons. Their contribution distributions may reflect the use history and geographic distribution in secondary sources of POPs. The field-based contribution dataset of BB to POPs is significant in improving regional BB emission inventories and model prediction.
<p>The research is aimed to study on the applicability of VFCW technology by using Biochar-soil mixing as growing materials of Cyperus and Typha for treating wastewater containing formaldehyde as produced through the production processes of ethylene oxide and ethylene glycol that belonging to TOC Glycol Company inside Mabtaput Industrial Estate in Eastern Thailand. The results found that VFCW technology in form of small experimental unit of Lysimeter was applicable together with Cyperus Biochar:Soil Ratio of 1:50 and planting Cyperus. The application of formaldehyde wastewater flow rate 100 ml/min was shown highest potential for having breakthrough point at 20 liters, HRT 6.67 hours, formaldehyde effluent quality 1.03 mg/L (influent 20 mg/L) treatment efficiency 94.85% and encouraging the aquatic plants in highest numbers up to 140 stems of Cyperus as the same as more <em>Pseudomonas</em> sp. 1.8x10<sup>5</sup> CFU/g.soil for better decomposers of formaldehyde wastewater.<strong></strong></p>
The research was focused on determining dilatability of traveling mass water from Phetchaburi diversion dam on high concentrated community wastewater that flowing into Phetchaburi river. The mass water quality was sampled at six-consecutive measuring stations from Phetchaburi diversion dam to the river mouth with various distances of traveling, and analyzed for 27 environmental indicators before employing ANOVA ANALYSIS which resulted with highly significant differences between indicator and station only BOD, COD, TSS, and turbidity. When the linear regression was employed to determine both the water quality indicators in relation to discharges (10, 15, 20, and 25 cms.) and the traveling distances, resulting the determination coefficients of 0.93 for BOD, 0.80 for COD, 0.83 for TSS, and 0.50 for turbidity. Only BOD value is included in the list of surface water quality standards. After employing the derived equations to calculate BOD in comparison with observed value, then it was chosen to support the decision of required BOD for 3 mg/L at Muang Municipal Bridge together with discharge of 10-15 cms from Phetchaburi diversion dam. If more or less this range in summer period, the dilatability of high contaminant concentration was decreased 2-10 folds due to less mass water flow and washing off organic and solid wastes from flooding along the riverbanks. Furthermore, the traveling mass water from diversion dam is possibly eligible to dilute the high concentrated wastewater from dense and populated community but the diluted mixture depending on the amount and concentration of wastewater inflow.
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