This study aims to determine the para-phenylenediamine (PPD) in hair dyes by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). In the presented study, ten hair dye samples were collected from local markets in El-Bieda - Libya. A rapid, simple and reliable method is developed and validated for the determination of PPD in hair dyes samples using 50% methanol solution as solvent. The method was validated over a wide linear range of 5 – 25 µg/mL with correlation coefficients being consistently greater than 0.997. The LOD and LOQ were 1.21 µg/ ml and 3.67 µg/ ml, respectively. Relative standard deviation (% R.S.D.) ranged between 0.07 and 1.15 %. The minimum PPD level was observed in Beauty Touch (Blonde) sample (0.0855 % w/w), while Jourin sense Cosmetics (Black Blue) sample showed the highest PPD content (2.2526 % w/w). The HPLC measurments indicated that the results of PPD concentrations in Black colour samples were in the range of 0.3705 % - 2.2526 % w/w. Whereas its concentrations in anthor colour samples were in the range of 0.0855 % - 0.5936 % w/w. The level of PPD in Black colour samples were higher than other colour samples. The PPD content in all the samples analyzed in this study are well below the allowable limits set by the US Food and Drugs Administration.
Henna is frequently used as body adornment in Libya, the Arabic world, and some African and Asian countries. It is part of the traditions and cultures. The addition of para-phenylenediamine (PPD) to the natural henna increases the risk of allergic contact dermatitis as well as toxic effects, which sometimes lead to severe toxicity and death. Cases have already been reported in Al-Bayda city - Libya. This study aimed to identify the presence and determination of PPD in henna by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). In the current study, eleven henna samples were collected from local markets in Al-Bayda - Libya. A rapid, simple, and reliable method is developed and validated for the determination of PPD in henna samples using 50% methanol solution as solvent. The method is validated over a wide linear range of 5 – 25 µg/ml with correlation coefficients being consistently greater than 0.997. The minimum PPD level was observed in a random sample of mixed henna (paste2) (0.0104 % w/w), while the Royal Black Henna sample showed the highest PPD content (11.9107 % w/w). The HPLC measurements indicated that the results of PPD concentrations in the Royal Red henna sample and Shikha henna (natural henna) were PPD free (ND) (Not Detected). The concentrations in Black henna samples were higher than Red henna samples. The PPD content in red henna samples analyzed in this study is below the allowable limits set by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (SCCP) and the US Food and Drugs Administration. While in Black henna samples it was higher than that recommended limit.
This study was designed to detect heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu) in several springs and groundwater wells in the northeastern region of Libya. Samples were collected from different regions in both seasons (dry and wet). An atomic absorption spectrophotometry equipped with Slotted Tube Atomic Trap (STAT) was used. The limit of detection (LOD) was in the range of 0.008 to 0.03 μg mL-1, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was in the range of 0.02 to 0.09 μg mL-1. % RSD (relative standard deviations) ranged between 0.0001 to 0.329%. Results showed the presence of heavy metal residues in the regions in two seasons (dry-wet) during the study in some springs and groundwater wells. The zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and Copper (Cu) values were below permitted limits, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), Libyan National Center for Standardization (LNCSM), and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Lead (Pb) in the dry season was much higher than the wet season in accordance with WHO and LNCSM. The other values were below permissable limits according to WHO, LNCSM, and FAO. This study’s results show the presence of dangerous levels of lead during the dry season in the groundwater wells on SahlAlmarj I, Alabyar III. Overall, the investigation of chemical and agricultural fertilizers is an effective method of monitoring the quality of drinking water. Such investigations are needed to identify possible sources of contamination of storage tanks and pipelines to ensure the delivery of safe drinking water to end-users.
The contamination by organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) of the selected sites in the eastern region of Libya was investigated to estimate the current status of pollution in surface and groundwater sources. This study was conducted to determine the concentrations of some OCPs residue in surface and groundwater samples collected from thirty different sites around Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar northeast of Libya during the summer, autumn, and winter seasons of 2016. A simple and rapid method based on the liquid-liquid extraction method followed by an HPLC with reversed-phase was developed to determine six OCPs in water samples simultaneously. An HPLC instrument was supplied with a C18 column (250 mm × 4 mm; 4.6 μm particle size) and a UV detector at 238 nm. The mobile phase was composed of 0.1% propanol in water and acetonitrile (25/75, v/v). The method was validated using reference standards of these six OPCs at different concentration levels and shows good linearity in the concentrations between 5.0 and 25 µg mL− 1. The LOD and LOQ ranged from 0.71 to 2.24 μg mL -1 and 2.16 to 6.79 μg mL-1, respectively. Relative standard deviation (%RSD) ranged from 0.026 to 0.673 %. The only OCP residue found in the area of study was 2, 4-D, with a variation of its residue levels during the seasons. The overall results showed that surface water was more polluted with 2, 4-D than groundwater, which was detected in the wide range of concentration of 0.037 to 0.385 μg mL-1, 0.003 to 0.047 μg mL -1 and 0.012 to 0.039 μg mL-1 during summer, autumn, and winter, respectively.
This study aims to determine the caffeine and detection of some other drugs (which has commonly spread and caused suicides in the recent years in El-Bieda city - Libya) in cappuccino, nescafe, cacao and coffee samples using Reversed Phase - High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). In the presented study, seventeen samples were collected from some Libyan markets. A rapid, simple and reliable extraction method is developed and validated for the determination of caffeine and other drugs in the samples under study using dichloromethan, n-hexane and methanol as the extracting solvents. The method is validated over a wide linear range of 2 – 10 µg/ml with correlation coefficients being consistently greater than 0.999. The minimum caffeine level was observed in the Nesquik (Cacao), Nestle Italiana S.P.A sample (2.9129 µg/ml), while the Nestla (Nescafe), Asbania sample showed the highest caffeine content (598.5315 µg/ml). The RP-HPLC measurements indicate that the results of caffeine concentrations in samples under study are in the range of 2.9129 - 598.5315 µg/ml with an average of 221.8630 µg/ml. The measurements by HPLC methods indicate that the samples under study are free from other drugs: (olanzapine, diazepam and alprazolam). The caffeine content in all the samples analyzed in this study are within the allowable limits set by the US Food and Drugs Administration and documented values.
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