PurposeIndia is a rapidly urbanizing developing country with a population of 1.4 Billion. Indian governments have invested USD 50 Billion) in metro rail projects in 18 cities. Metro constructions are multi-stakeholder mega-projects and are prone to a variety of risks. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the risks involved in metro rail construction projects in a densely populated developing country for two types of systems and from two perspectives. Current literature lacks an understanding of similarities and differences in the risks involved in underground and elevated metro projects from clients' and contractors' perspectives, which the paper highlights.Design/methodology/approachA total of twenty-five risks were identified, categorized and assessed through experts' opinions about the impact and probability of occurrence of the risks through a questionnaire-based survey. The survey respondents included experts in metro rail construction from client and contractor sides. Paper uses a Fuzzy Inference System to calibrate risk magnitude from occurrence probability and impact.FindingsA notable difference was observed in the views of clients and contractors, except for certain common risks. Both stakeholders had different risk perceptions for the underground and elevated metro rail systems.Practical implicationsThis study contributes to the risk assessment for different types of metro systems. This research can help policymakers as well as consultants in prioritizing their risk management strategies in developing countries like India.Originality/valueHighlighting the critical aspects of risks in metro projects in a developing country, this paper also provides system-based and stakeholder-based comparative aspects of risk analysis.
India is currently building its first High Speed Rail (HSR) corridor between Mumbai and Ahmedabad on the western coast. The alignment of this corridor is parallel to the existing conventional rail lines connecting Mumbai and Ahmedabad via cities like Surat, Vadodara. Due to this, the future HSR is expected to take a significant share of its ridership from the existing conventional rail services. The aim of this study is to model the inter-modal competition between the conventional rail services and the upcoming HSR services in India, deriving the policies for pricing and operations. A combined revealed and stated preference survey was conducted at an intercity train station in Mumbai. The passengers waiting to board trains towards Ahmedabad were questioned about their choice between conventional train and HSR based on travel time, cost and comfort criteria. The collected data was modelled in a binary logistic environment to generate the utility function of both the modes, conventional train and the HSR. The results of this study show the positive effect of sleeping comfort provided in conventional trains on the mode choice. The travel cost elasticity of comfort was found to be -0.731 whereas, the travel time elasticity of sleeping comfort was -1.71 hours. It was found that the modal share of conventional train in its competition with HSR, would increase by around 10% with the provision of sleeping comfort by the conventional rail. Study concludes that the Indian Railways need to emphasize on plying trains with AC sleeper coaches, especially for longer distances, to compete better with the upcoming HSR corridor in India.
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