The study aims at analyzing the epidemiological, clinical and entomological characteristics of Darfur yellow fever epidemic. It is a descriptive, cross-sectional study. According to operational case definition, suspected yellow fever cases are included in case spread sheet with variables like age, sex, locality, occupation, status of vaccination, onset of symptoms, presenting symptoms, date of blood sampling and confirmation of diagnosis either by laboratory results or epidemiological link. Data about important entomological indices were collected by surveys conducted in 17 localities of 3 Darfur states (Central, West and south Darfur). All Darfur states (especially Central Darfur) have been affected by Yellow Fever outbreak. There is a need to review the non-specific case definition of Yellow Fever which seems to overwhelm the system during outbreaks with cases of other endemic diseases. The significant risk factors of this outbreak included male sex, adult age, outdoor occupation and traditional mining. The fatality rate was significantly associated with vaccination status. The highest fatality rate was recorded by children less than 2 years old (42.9%). Generally, increase in certain entomological indices was followed by increase in number of reported cases 7 days later. Central Darfur state was significantly higher in most studied entomological indices.
Education levels had the most prominent positive effect on knowledge of oral cancer among outpatients at major hospitals in Khartoum State. Moreover, education levels were found to mediate the effect of other background variables.
T2DM is a long-term metabolic disorder characterized by either the pancreas' inability to produce enough insulin or the body's inability to properly utilize the insulin it produces. The β-cell function and blood glucose homeostasis are two areas where TCF7L2 (Transcription factor 7 like 2) appears to be a significant candidate gene. KCNQ1 (potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily, member 1 has been discovered as a T2DM susceptibility gene in Asian populations by genome-wide association studies with rs2237892 polymorphism and an increased risk of developing T2DM. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between rs7903146 and rs2237892 SNP studies in T2DM patients. In this study, 60 T2DM cases and 60 controls were selected. Genotyping was performed for rs7903146 and rs2237892 SNPs using specific primers and restriction enzymes, then all PCR products were loaded on an agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. The current study results confirmed rs7903146 SNP was strongly associated with genotype (OR-4.14; 95%CI:1.07-15.98; p=0.02) and allele frequencies (OR-4.60; 95%CI:1.66-12.70; p=0.001) whereas in rs2237892 SNP was not associated with any of the genotypes (OR-4.29; 95%CI:0.46-39.58; p=0.16; OR-3.21) or allele frequencies (OR-6.26; 95%CI:0.74-52.83; p=0.055). The current study results were found to be associated with global studies carried out in rs7903146 and rs2237892 SNP. The strength of this current study was to involve Saudi nationalities and we have screened rs7903146 and rs2237892 SNPs which plays a major role in T2DM. Involving 60 T2DM cases/60 controls was the major limitation of this study. Missing validation through Sanger sequencing analysis was one of the limitations of this study. In conclusion, the current study results confirmed rs7903146 SNP was strongly associated with T2DM and rs2237892 SNP was not associated with T2DM patients.
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