The blood−brain barrier (BBB) is considered as the most challenging barrier in brain drug delivery. Indeed, there is a definite link between the BBB integrity defects and central nervous systems (CNS) disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancers, increasing concerns in the contemporary era because of the inability of most therapeutic approaches. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have already been identified as having several advantages in facilitating the transportation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic agents across the BBB. This review first explains BBB functions and its challenges in brain drug delivery, followed by a brief description of nanoparticle-based drug delivery for brain diseases. A detailed presentation of recent progressions in optimizing SLNs and NLCs for controlled release drug delivery, gene therapy, targeted drug delivery, and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancers is approached. Finally, the problems, challenges, and future perspectives in optimizing these carriers for potential clinical application were described briefly.
Introduction: microRNAs (miRNAs) are frequently dysregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC) primary tumors vs. metastasic to the liver. Objective: Our aim was to prediction of biomarker miRNAs signature of CRC Metastasis to liver cancer. Material and Methods: mRNA and miRNA expression profiles of CRC primary tumors to metastases formed in the liver were downloaded from NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. miRNAs targets were predicted using Targetscan algorithm. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis were performed using DAVID online tool, since mRNA expression profile of liver and colon cancer primary tumors vs. metastasis to the liver were used in background of these analysis. Results: 43 and 58 down-and up-regulated miRNAs were obtained from GSE98406 (p-value < 0.05). mRNA expression profile include of 1,048 mRNAs differentially expressed in metastatic and non-metastatic CRC to liver from GSE40367 (p-value < 0.05). The some of the down-regulated miRNAs were significantly enriched in migration signaling and cancer stem cell signaling. Moreover, the some of the up-regulated miRNAs were significantly enriched in negative regulation of cell migration. Conclusions: Some of the miRNAs are many number of target genes that some of these are oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. It is concluded that differentially expressed miRNAs in metastatic vs. non-metastatic CRC to the liver take part in cell migration and cancer stem cell signaling pathways.
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