Available evidence regarding the reasons for people to acquire body markers such as tattoos is contradictory. The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between self-esteem and body image in young women with tattoos. To this end, the repertory grid technique (RGT) was adapted and used to assess differences between women with and without tattoos in terms of self-esteem and body image. Sixty young women with tattoos and sixty young women without (all aged 18–35 years), performed the Color RGT in order to evaluate the relationship between self-esteem and body image. Compared to women without tattoos, women with tattoos showed significantly lower self-esteem and displayed stronger relationships between three constructs: ideal body, ideal self and tattooed woman status. No significant differences in body image were detected between the two groups. Women with tattoos were characterized by an association between body image and self-esteem, while women without tattoos did not display such a correlation. Thus, it appears that links between self-esteem, ideal body, ideal self and constructs of "woman with tattoos" may play a role in tattooing behavior in young women.
The Word Memory Test (WMT) is one of the most sensitive forced-choice tests available designed to evaluate negative response bias (NRB). Presently there is no valid verbal test designed to evaluate NRB for Hebrew-speaking patients. The aims of the present study were to validate the response bias measures of the WMT among Hebrew-speaking patients with acquired brain injuries and to reveal the malingering base rate among Israeli patients involved in compensation-seeking. Participants were 112 patients. The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) was used for convergent validity and injury related variables were used for concurrent validity. A translated version of the WMT had high split-half reliability. Regarding convergent validity, WMT effort measures had high positive correlations with the TOMM. Moreover, based on TOMM cutoff scores for classification, the WMT had reasonable classification rates. Regarding concurrent validity, multivariate logistic regression revealed that failure in the WMT was significantly predicted by normal brainscans and involvement in compensation-seeking behavior. The baserate of probable malingering was 34%. These findings emphasize the universality of the WMT in detecting NRB and establishing a malingered neurocognitive dysfunction baserate among Israeli patients involved in compensation-seeking.
BackgroundUsing the Iowa Gambling Test (IGT), we demonstrated previously impaired decision- making process in young tattooed women. The purpose of the present study was to explore the associations among the three facets of impaired inhibition (response inhibition, reflection inhibition and interference inhibition) and decision-making processes in this population.MethodsTo this end, the participants of the previous study (60 tattooed women and 60 non-tattooed women) were assessed in the Go/NoGo task, a measure of response inhibition, the Matched Familiar Figure Test (MFFT), a measure of reflection inhibition and the Stroop task a measure of interference inhibition.ResultsTattooed women were significantly slower than non-tattooed women in the Go/NoGo performance; however, no differences were detected in the MFFT and the Stroop task. A hierarchical regression analysis did not reveal any significant main effects of these inhibition measures on the IGT performance.ConclusionsThese findings do not support the hypothesis that risky decision in young tattooed women is due to impaired inhibitory control. Further studies are needed to identify the cognitive mechanisms involved in the tendency to risky decisions in young tattooed women.
The Temporal Memory Sequence Test (TMST) is a new measure of negative response bias (NRB) that was developed to enrich the forced-choice paradigm. The TMST does not resemble the common structure of forced-choice tests and is presented as a temporal recall memory test. The validation sample consisted of 81 participants: 21 healthy control participants, 20 coached simulators, and 40 patients with acquired brain injury (ABI). The TMST had high reliability and significantly high positive correlations with the Test of Memory Malingering and Word Memory Test effort scales. Moreover, the TMST effort scales exhibited high negative correlations with the Glasgow Coma Scale, thus validating the previously reported association between probable malingering and mild traumatic brain injury. A suggested cutoff score yielded acceptable classification rates in the ABI group as well as in the simulator and control groups. The TMST appears to be a promising measure of NRB detection, with respectable rates of reliability and construct and criterion validity.
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