The risks of diseases and economical losses resulting from aflatoxin contamination to the agricultural products are a significant problem. In this study, a prototype system for real-time detection and separation of dried figs contaminated with aflatoxins was developed and tested. The main components of the system are 365 nm wavelength UV light sources, CCD cameras, optical sensors, image processing and automation software, belt conveyors that carry dried figs, and automatic separation units in a dark room. Four UV black-light lamps were installed on the aluminum roof of both the belt conveyor systems, to enhance the effectiveness of reflective illumination of the dried figs in the detection leg of the process. The monitoring set up consisted of two cameras with high resolution and low distortion 9 mm lenses, and two CCD color sensors. The imaging system, which had an exposure time of 8.12 ms, could capture images of dried fig samples moving on the belt at speeds of 0.18 m s-1 and 0.06 m s-1 for belt 1 and belt 2, respectively. The system uses two cameras, as both sides of the dried figs were required to be scanned. Figs contaminated with aflatoxins can be separated pneumatically, by an automatic separation system. The prototype system was tested by using 400 dried figs. The prototype system achieved a 98% success rate in the detection and separation of the dried figs contaminated with aflatoxins. Turnover efficiency and hourly machine capacity of the system were calculated as 82% and 34.56 kg/h, respectively. Additionally, total system efficiency was calculated as 80.36%. Thus, the system was found effective and convenient for real-time detection and separation of the dried figs contaminated with aflatoxins.
The objective of the study was to develop and test an automatic machine vision-based spraying robot for the detection, tracking, and spraying of artificial weeds by using LabVIEW programming language. The greenness method was used to distinguish green objects in the image. A time-controlled spray nozzle was run according to the presence of an artificial weed and its coordinates. A mobile test bench was built and the spraying system with a webcam was operated at speeds of 0.42, 0.54, 0.66, 0.78, and 0.90 km h -1 , so as to be able to see the performance of the system. The amount of deposits on the ground in the spray pattern was evaluated on the test area and used in comparisons for site specific and broadcast spraying methods. A spraying solution containing brilliant sulpho-flavin (BSF) tracer (0.4 g L -1 ) and filter papers were used to compare the deposition of spray pattern achieved on the ground with both methods. According to the results, site-specific spraying application saved on average 89.48%, 79.98%, and 73.93% application volumes for 500 ms, 1000 ms, and 1500 ms spraying durations, respectively, at all spraying speeds is compared to broadcast spraying application. As one would expect, deposits on the filter papers decreased with increasing spraying speed. In addition, operating the system with 1000 ms nozzle controlled site specific spraying at different speeds did not cause a significant difference in the amount of deposits in the spray pattern and spraying accuracy as compared to the broadcast spraying method.
BackgroundPesticide spray drift, which is the movement of pesticide by wind to any location other than the intended area, is hazardous to human, animal, food safety and environmental health. It is not possible to completely eliminate spray drift during spraying with field crop sprayers, but spray drift can be reduced by developing new technologies. The most common methods to reduce spray drift are carrying the droplets to the target with air‐assisted spraying, electrostatic spraying, preferring air induction nozzles and boom shields. With these methods, it is not possible to make a change on the sprayer depending on the wind intensity during spraying. In this study, a novel servo‐controlled spraying system was designed and developed to change the nozzle orientation angle in the reverse direction of the wind current to reduce the ground spray drift in real time and automatically in a wind tunnel. The displacement in the spray pattern (Dc) was used as a ground drift indicator for each nozzle to evaluate the spray drift.ResultsThe developed system, operated by LabVIEW software, calculated different nozzle orientation angles depending on nozzle types, wind velocities and spraying pressures. Orientation angles calculated for different test conditions achieved in reduction were up to 49.01% for XR11002 nozzle, 32.82% for AIXR11002 nozzle and 32.31% for TTJ6011002 nozzle at 400 kPa spray pressure and 2.5 m s−1 wind velocity.ConclusionThe developed system, which has a self‐decision mechanism, calculated the nozzle orientation angle instantaneously according to the wind velocity. It has been observed that the adjustable spraying nozzle system, sprayed with high precision towards the wind in the wind tunnel, and the developed system have advantages compared to conventional spraying systems. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
In recent years, site-specific spraying methods, which are capable of combining the image processing technologies with electronic and information technologies, have been started to be used in the weed control and target-oriented spraying. In this study, in addition to the site-specific spraying in laboratory conditions; a mobile spraying system, which can also perform broadcast application as a reference method, was set up. The spraying performance of the mobile system was tested for three different nozzle types (standard flat fan nozzle, cone nozzle, air induction nozzle) and at speeds of 0.48, 0.60, 0.72 and 0.84 km h-1. The mobile system was operated as both broadcast and site-specific for each nozzle type and travel speed. Three artificial weed samples were used at 75 cm intervals as sampling surfaces on the movement of the mobile system in the spraying operations; filter papers (FP) and water-sensitive papers (WSP) were placed behind them on the bars. While deposition values were measured with the filter papers, water-sensitive papers were used to measure the coverage rates. The spray distribution of the site-specific method in comparison with the reference method was investigated. According to the results, site-specific spraying applications did not cause any negative impact on depositions and coverage rates. The nearest results compared with the broadcast spraying were obtained with the air induction nozzle type at a speed of 0.48 km h-1 with a 60.5% deposition amount and 95.9% coverage rate.
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