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Covalent Functionalized-Multi wall carbon nanotubes (CF-MWCNTs) and Covalent Functionalized-graphene nanoplatelets (CF-GNPs) with hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) were suspended in distilled water to prepare the hybrid nanofluids as working fluids inside the Flat Plate Solar Collector (FPSC). Different concentrations of the hybrid nanoparticles were considered at (0.05 wt%, 0.08 wt%, and 0.1 wt%) and Tween-80 (Tw-80) was used as a surfactant. The stability and thermophysical properties were tested using different measurement tools. The structural and morphological properties were examined via several analyses namelyusing FTIR, XRD, UV-vis spectrometry, HRTEM, FESEM, and EDX. The thermal efficiency of FPSC were tested under different volumetric flow rates (2 L/min, 3 L/min, and 4 L/min), whereas the efficiency of the collector was determined based on ASHRAE standard 93-2010. As a result, the most thermalefficient solar collector improved up to 85% with hybrid nanofluid as the absorption medium at 4 L/min flow rate. Increment in nanoparticles' weight percentageconcentrations enhanced thermal energy gain and resulted in higher fluid outlet temperature.

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Covalent functionalization (CF-GNPs) and non-covalent functionalization (NCF-GNPs) approaches were applied to prepare graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs).

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