Building a liberal democratic society has many dimensions, and one of these dimensions is equality, as a philosophical principle, or formal equality as a legal and political principle. Equally, and from a liberal perspective thought; the importance of equality in these societies will be achieved by reducing inequality in conditions, without prejudice to basic freedoms. Equality as a principle emerged through the long debate in western political history, especially in the context of liberal equality. There have been different trends and views in how to achieve equality in liberal societies and apply it to the level of governance practice, self-development and ability level. Thus, this led Michael Sandel to become one of the liberal thinkers, and embark on a study that includes a broad discussion between social liberalism against differences and the dangers these differences pose to social cohesion and political consensus, and between the libertarian tendency against expanding the circle of equality, and the dangers it poses to the freedom of the individual, and liberalism based on individual values and rights, and communitarianism based on group values and rights. Therefore, the different ideas, trends and views within liberal thought on equality are considered as different theories and perceptions about building a just society in political, social, and economic terms.
This study investigates the influence of oil export and political issues on Iraq's stock exchange using various Ordinary Least Square regression models. The empirical results show that the model's effect is not similar based on the explanatory variables included, such as the Covid-19 outbreak, financial crisis, parliament elections, and ISIS emergence are not significant. In contrast, the internal conflict, oil export, and oil prices are substantial effects on the index of the Iraq stock exchange from (2004 to 2021); researchers in the literature have neglected this market due to its novel establishment after (2003). Moreover, the market capitalization still considers very small compared to the regional financial markets. The study contributes to the existing knowledge because most studies on stock market determinants consider political, economic, democratic, or governmental factors. In contrast, here, most elements included using new measurements, such as the internal conflict by cutting off the financial share of the Kurdistan region from the central state budget. Finally, the analysis incorporates the conclusions with straightforward suggestions that policymakers can use, government, investors, and supervisors to control the stock market risk.
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