Cancer metastasis results from a multi-step cascading process that includes: 1) vascularization of the primary tumor; 2) detachment and invasion of cancer cells; 3) intravasation into lymphatic and blood vessels; 4) survival and arrest in the circulation; 5) extravasation into distant organs; and 6) colonization and growth of metastatic tumors. microRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in this multi-step process, both promoting and suppressing metastasis. This review updates the progress made in understanding the roles of miRNAs for invasion and metastasis during cancer progression. A specific miRNA signature of cancer metastasis is also reviewed.
In order to assess the confusion attendant with current definitions of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, pleural and miliary disease, a set of 37 papers published which analyzed disease states were assessed for how the terms adhered to official definitions of the American Thoracic Society, the World Health Organization, and the Centers for Disease Control. The findings showed uncertainties in the classification of extrapulmonary disease, a frequent inconsistency in the inclusion of pleural disease within pulmonary rather than extrapulmonary disease, and the ambivalent use of the terms pleural and disseminated tuberculosis. Further attention by editors and authors is needed in the use of tuberculosis definitions.
Sixty-nine children with medical comorbidities were treated for tuberculosis (TB) exposure (7), infection (40) or disease (22). The most common comorbidities in children with TB disease were malignancy (23%), cyanotic heart disease (18%), hemoglobinopathies (18%) and autoimmune disease (14%). Ninety-six percent who received TB medications had no adverse events and 98% completed therapy. Two (9%) died of TB.
In this pilot study, we collected data on study design, demographics of first and senior authors of the first 584 heart failure abstracts that were accepted to the AHA Scientific Sessions 2010 meeting. We determined the proportion of these abstracts published by February 2017, gender of first and senior authors, and whether studies that were published had different conclusions, results or number of study participants compared to the original abstracts. Results: Of the 584 abstracts reviewed, 266 (45.54%) were published as articles in peer reviewed journals within 7 years of presentation at the conference. In total, 10.68% of senior authors and 27.11% of first authors were female. However, 53.44% of female senior authors published manuscripts of their abstracts compared to 45.15% of male senior authors (P = .23). Similarly, 44.8% of female first authors converted abstracts to manuscripts in comparison to 45.83% of male first authors (P = .80). Among the 266 abstracts that were eventually published as full manuscripts, 60(22.55%) articles reported a different sample size, 178 (66.91%) articles reported different results, and 8(3%) articles published with different conclusions, when compared to their original abstracts. Conclusions: Less than 50% of abstracts presented at the AHA Scientific Sessions 2010 were published as full manuscripts, in over six years since the conference. There was no significant difference in the proportion of first and senior authors of both genders who published abstracts into articles, although in total, far more authors were males. With many studies reporting different sample sizes, results and conclusions compared to the original abstracts, data presented at the abstract stage are likely to be incomplete. It may be premature to use data from abstracts in systematic reviews or secondary analyses. Further analysis is needed to determine the more prevalent barriers so that supportive interventions can be performed to increase successful completion and dissemination of research.
to engage school students in the co-creation of high-quality, accurate and hands-on resources that can be used within medical programme teaching. If structured correctly, this endeavour can be performed in a way that benefits both high school and university students.
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