The background and ethos of the Iraqi Federal Civil Code and its applicability to agreements relating to construction projects are explored. The article provides a lucid description of the structure of the Code setting out the essential issues that relate to a construction contract. Mr. Al-Saadoon goes on to explore a whole range of legal issues that generally arise in construction agreements, including general contract law as well as an analysis of issues of particular relevance to the construction industry, such as defects, delay, payment and liquidated damages, to name but a few. The article establishes awareness that the provisions of the Code are not wholly dissimilar to the provisions found in commercial, and in particular, construction contracts used internationally. The Code has formed the template for other Civil Codes in Middle Eastern jurisdictions such as the United Arab Emirates.
Large scale reservoir simulation is essential to understand various flow processes inside the reservoir. With the advent of high performance computing (HPC), it is now possible to simulate models larger than even one billion cells. Because of its cost effectiveness, Linux clusters are very popular for large scale reservoir simulations. Many large clusters have been built by connecting processors via state-of-the-art high speed networks like Infiniband (IB), which can add considerable cost for the hardware. It is possible to connect multiple computer clusters to build a simulation grid, to simulate giant models, which may be difficult to do on a single cluster because of the size limitation. The network connecting clusters should be capable of supporting the needed data transfer rate to avoid performance degradation. Communication and computational load in a simulation depends on various parameters of the model, including size, underlying physics, mathematical formulation, etc. Our focus in this study is to examine HPC architectures, which may be used for large scale reservoir simulation in a costeffective manner. Our design was made following extensive benchmark studies. We designed the network configuration, which is blocking in design to reduce the cost of hardware associated with the network. Our tests with large models indicate that there is only minor degradation in performance because of the new design, while significantly saving in hardware cost. We followed the Hyperscale design principle in constructing the cluster, eliminating all unnecessary components and keeping only essential ones. In this paper, we present results of our simulation grid and discuss scalability of such simulations. We also discuss benefits of a simulation grid in increasing utilization of hardware resources.
In this paper, we analyze the level of power consumption for running large scale hydrocarbonreservoir simulation on high performance clusters (HPC), which may impact the data center design and the overall environment for running massive simulation models. We derive energy consumption from simulation run time and the power needed to keep associated processors running. We then propose a metric that ties reservoir simulation to Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) factor based on energy consumption per-node. This factor works as the efficiency target that can be adjusted to balance execution time and power consumption.
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