Paediatric HIV-infected patients have higher risk of developing resistance to antiretroviral drugs, and from public health perspective, drug resistance remains a limiting factor for effective management of HIV infection in children. We reviewed the current evidences available on the antiretroviral treatment and resistance patterns in HIV-infected children. Prevalence of HIV drug resistance varied among the three main classes of antiretroviral drugs, namely nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors in both treatment naïve and treatment-experienced children in different countries. Most of the patients with extensive triple-class drug-resistant mutations were found to be considerably exposed to the three main classes of antiretroviral agents. Identification of genetic factors linked with susceptibility to perinatal transmission of HIV may be key in understanding the development of resistance due to waning antiviral effectiveness. Children who were less likely to achieve viral re-suppression were more likely to have resistance mutations. Newer drugs such as etravirine can be used as alternatives in case of resistance to efavirenz while newly developed diagnostic method such as next-generation sequencing is a platform for improving quality of detections especially minor variant drug resistance mutations.
Problematic AIDS affects not only the physical health of individuals but also their family and community identity. Indeed, the stigma and discrimination surrounding the disease are equally destructive as the disease. This stigma is so strong in groups that have been affected by armed conflict, such as ex-combatants. To improve the status of veterans in their host communities in the reduction of risk behaviours facilitating the transmission of HIV/AIDS, FACOSASE form 360 PEEXC wished to fight against this scourge. Objective To show PEEXC on how to improve the strategy of reducing risk behaviours favouring the transmission of HIV/AIDS.IVMethod: To implement this training strategy as PEEXC reduction of risk behaviours facilitating the transmission of HIV/AIDS, we first conducted a raid on land in order to identify PEEXC who will participate in the training. Results At the end of the training, there is the development of knowledge PEEXC aged 20 to 35 years on a better integration to reduce risk behaviours favouring the transmission of HIV/AIDS educators.A general awareness of the issue of this strategy through media coverage. Conclusion This training helped PEEXC on developing knowledge PEEXC as a strategy to reduce risk behaviours favouring the transmission of HIV/AIDS.Next steps: It was anticipated identification of best practises that could be applied elsewhere in order to reduce risky behaviours favouring the transmission of HIV/AIDS among groups who have been affected by armed conflict in general and in particular ex-combatants BURUNDI the lead and support a psycho-social and medical PEEXC the tracks that have made a voluntary and living with HIV/AIDS to improve their quality of life.
Background: Traffic accidents contribute to injuries, deaths and disability globally, especially in developing countries. While most developed countries have data banks for effective road traffic planning, design and safety, there is a relative paucity of empirical studies in developing countries which especially concentrate on the personal factors and lifestyle of road users. As user-behaviour is an important element in road provision and sustenance, teaching and research ought to factor it in pedagogy. Objectives: WHO (2009) crash statistics comparisons showed Nigeria as the country with the highest rate of fatal road traffic crashes (33.7 deaths per 100,000 population per year) in the world, with young men between the ages of 15-44 constituting 62% of all deaths. Drunk-driving has been implicated as a major cause. An underlying study which examined the patterns of alcohol drinking and psychological wellbeing of commercial-drivers and motorbike-carriers in Ibadan metropolis in Nigeria was carried out to: demonstrate how adverse psychological states and drink-driving of road transport users can hamper efforts with road provision and safety; enhance a more holistic transportation policy; and, contribute to research informed-teaching. Design of the underlying study: The study was mainly descriptive and adopted a cross-sectional survey design. Method: 285 male volunteers were purposively sampled (consisting of 183 Commercial-drivers and 102 motorbike-carriers) and administered measures of socio-demographic factors, as well as the Eysenck Personality Inventory and Zung Self-rating Anxiety scale. Data was collected from the major (motor) parks across the city. The study followed all the necessary ethical procedures. Data were analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Result: The Chi square analysis showed a significant relationship between the two groups of road transport users and frequency of drinks: X 2 (8, 285) = 49.2; p<.001). The trend showed that commercial-drivers consume unbranded alcohol more than the motorbike-carriers, but more motorbike-carriers tend to take mixtures of branded and unbranded alcohol than commercial drivers. There were significant inverse relationships between the participants' onset-age of alcohol consumption and their scores on the neuroticism and anxiety scales. However, a significant positive relationship was observed between depression and current age. Impact of the findings on pedagogy: Indiscriminate consumption of various alcohol products is frequent among Nigerian commercial-road-transport-users and this affects their psychopathology. There is a need for the greater enforcement of drink limits and design of programmes that will target the psychological wellbeing of commercial road transport users in the Nigerian community. This, coupled with other road safety measures could enhance safety for other road users and commuters. A broader approach where the providers of infrastructures should understand the behavioural rationale of users and its impact on the facilities shou...
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