Background: There were 1.5 million deaths caused by diabetes in 2012, of which more than 80% of diabetes deaths occurred in developing countries. WHO estimated diabetes would be the 7 th leading cause of death by 2030. Aim: The study aimed at evaluating type 2 diabetes mellitus patients' clinical responses after use of oral hypoglycaemic agents. Study Design: The study was a retrospective observational study. Place and duration of Study: The study was undertaken at Primary healthcare facility, University Health Centre. The study monitored case notes of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients who attended the endocrinology clinic within the ten years of review. Methods: After ethical approval was given, a retrospective evaluation of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients' folders was done for one hundred and nineteen patients who attended the endocrinology clinic. Relevant information obtained from patients' folders were collated and analysed. Results: Out of one hundred and nineteen participants who received oral hypoglycaemic agents, Ajulo and Ajulo; JPRI, 25(5): 1-7, 2018; Article no.JPRI.46851 2 seventy-six (63.8%) participants were in the age range of 45-55 years, followed by twenty-four (20.2%) participants with age range of greater than 55 years. Sixty-eight (57.1%) participants were females while fifty-one (42.9%) were males. Forty two (35.3%) participants had a controlled plasma glucose level of <110 mg/dl while seventy-seven (64.7%) participants had plasma glucose level of >110 mg/dl. Efficacy index was highest for Daonil+Glycomet followed by Diabinese+Glucophage and Glucovance respectively. Conclusion: The study indicated that fewer type 2 diabetes mellitus patients' plasma glucose levels were controlled by two drugs combination therapy involving metformin. Original Research Article

Background: The global increase in the use of antibiotics in poultry and livestock production has significantly resulted in the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. There is a growing global concern of the effect of antibiotic resistance on both animals and humans. The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance profile of Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli 0157:H7 in ready to eat chicken meat in Ibadan, Nigeria. Method: A set of 500 pieces of chicken parts were purchased from sampled eateries in Ibadan, Nigeria. Standard microbiological techniques were used to isolate Salmonella and E. coli biochemically and serologically. All confirmed isolates were subjected to in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing against 8 antibiotics of different classes of Gram negative antimicrobial-impregnated multidisks (ABTEK) Result: The resistance pattern revealed E. coli 0157:H7 and Salmonella isolates were resistant to 5 drugs namely; Ceftazidime, Cefuroxime, Augmentin, Nitrofurantoin and Ampicillin. Highest resistance of E. coli isolates to Augmentin and Ampicillin were indicated both having a frequency of 11 (84.6%) and least resistance to Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin 0 (0.00%) were indicated. Three antibiotics that showed 100% sensitivity by all the isolates were Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin. Conclusion: The study revealed that Isolated E. coli and Salmonella strains from ready to eat chicken parts were resistant to five antibiotics; Ceftazidime, Cefuroxime, Augmentin, Nitrofurantoin and Ampicillin and very susceptible to three antibiotics namely; Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin.

Aim: Study aimed at evaluating blood pressure (BP) lowering effect of antihypertensive medications and their effect on renal function. Study Design: This was a progressive observational study, evaluating the lowering effect of selected antihypertensive agents on BP and renal functions of hypertensive patients. Study Location: The study involved moderately hypertensive patients who attended Cardiology clinic and were already receiving antihypertensive drug regimen at the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Akwa-Ibom state, Nigeria. University of Uyo Teaching Hospital is a tertiary healthcare facility that was established in 1999. Methods: Seventy hypertensive patients who received antihypertensive medications for at least 6 months were recruited for the study. The recruited participants were advised on adherence and were given adherence chart to record time of medication used. A 3 ml blood was collected and Omron digital BP meter was used to take three separate BP readings and the average was recorded. The blood samples were analysed in the laboratory for serum creatinine (Scr) by using Randox’s Scr and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) kits. The Scr was used to calculate the creatinine clearance (CrCl) by using Corkcroft-Gault equation. Participants were followed-up for three months consecutively. Statistical analysis was considered significant at p=.05. SPSS version 20 was used for the analysis. Results: Systolic blood pressure (SBP) reduced from 130±2.64 mmHg in phase 1 to 120±1.13 mmHg in phase 3 while CrCl increased from 82.01±4.49 ml/min to 91.62±4.35 ml/min respectively. Both SBP and BUN were higher in females (131±3.30 mmHg and 2.67±0.19 µmol/l)                         while CrCl was higher in males (102.06±8.91 ml/min). Amlodipine (AM) reduced SBP by                           9 mmHg, Lisinopril+Hydrochlorothiazide (LH) reduced SBP by 7 mmHg and Lisinopril+Amlodipine+Hydrochlorothiazide (LAH) reduced SBP by 22 mmHg. CrCl decreased among participants on AM, LH and LAH by 0.89 ml/min, 0.01 ml/min and 8 ml/min respectively. Conclusion: Antihypertensive medications reduced SBP especially in three-drug combinations but worsened renal function.

Background: Virulence genes are important in the pathogenesis of bacteria and in the mechanism of bacterial pathogenicity. Objective: The study aimed at molecular detection of virulence genes such as sdiA, fimH, InvA and fliC and determination of similarity and links among the isolates. Method: A total of 67 isolates including 4 controls were tested by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with 4 primer pairs including invA, fliC, sdiA and fimH to avoid bias. Full sequences of the 16S-Sequencing gene of both strains were carried out with 29 Salmonella and 30 E. coli isolates that were positive for amplification at 1500bp.ward hierarchical clustering model and agglomeration procedure was used. Clustered grouping and relational affinity test were conducted and depicted by the dendrogram. Molecular identification and interpretation were done using BLASTn Protocol. Result: None of the isolates were positive to the invA or fliC gene fragments. One isolate from each of Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 was positive to sdiA and fimH respectively. Three E. coli isolates were positive with an amplification of 500bp which is specific for fimH genes. One of the isolates E459 showed amplification of fimH gene with multidrug resistance to 5 drugs namely Ceftazidime, Cefuroxime, Augmentin, Nitrofurantoin and Ampicillin. Four Salmonella isolates had an amplification of 274bp specific for sdiA gene. Two variants of E. coli O157:H7 (unit g1 and unit g2) were identified. A mutant strain Salmonella Typhimurium LTS (STMD1) causing human gastroenteritis was identified also, Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 isolated exhibited multiple resistant genes (ACSSuT, SGI1) against several antibiotics. These are of public health significance. Conclusion: This study has indicated presence of sdiA and fimH genes in Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli 0157:H7 respectively isolated from ready-to-eat chicken meats from public eateries. It also indicated association of sdiA and fimH genes with multi-drugs resistance.

Objectives To estimate the prevalence rate of cases of gastroenteritis caused by food poisoning reported to University College Hospital. Methods This was a retrospective observational study of patients who attended the clinic from 2010–2016. Patient's folders were surveyed for patients who had reported at the hospital with diarrhoeal cases. Relevant information such as types of food eating, causes and duration of diarrhea etc were retrieved from the folders. Results Data from past records of patients who had attended clinic from 2010–2016 at University College Hospital (UCH) for gastroenteritis as a result of food borne poisoning showed a total of 72 diarrhoeal cases of which 25 (76.9%) were caused by food poisoning. In Medical out-patient ward (MOP), there was only 24 cases of food poisoning out of the 34 cases of diarrhoea reported. MOP had the highest cases of diarrhoea (34) recorded while Surgical out-patient ward (SOP) had the lowest number of cases, just 3 cases. Children out-patient ward (CHOP) and SOP had no reported case of food poisoning while Ante-natal clinic ward (ANC) had only one case of reported food poisoning. The following foods were indicated in food poisoning such as rice, pop corn, kilichi and fried potatoes. Fish roll was indicated as the only source of food poisoning for all diarrhoeal cases reported at ANC. Augmentin, Metronidazole, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, Loperamide, Normal saline and Coatem were the only drugs used in treatment. Conclusions The study indicated a relationship between the types of wards and drug used. Also, ciprofloxacin was the drug of choice used by all wards. Funding Sources Self-sponsored.