The Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is an important component for industrial automatic engineering operation. Hence, the need to comprehend its basis of operation becomes an inevitable task. Some of the problems is industrial PLC is an expensive, prebuilt hardware kit, acquisition of programming software and its requisite programming competence is a challenge. Thus, this paper present's the design steps for a desktop PLC trainer workstation for industrial automatic engineering operation. Although researchers have proposed and reported several PLC trainers but they fail to discuss the hardware connection of the input/output components neither is the basic PLC automatic-operation nor PLC component symbols with description discussed. These are the areas discussed in this paper to train participant on PLC programming knowledge. The develop PLC workstation consist of push buttons and switches for input signals and for output signal buzzer, indicator lights and blower. The control aspect comprises the PLC, timer and relay. The PLC module is the MITSUBISHI FX 1S-30MR-001, the simulation software is the MITSUBISHI FXTRN-BEG-EL and the programming software is the MITSUBISHI GX Developer version 8. Authors presented two automatic control application scenarios to train participants and evaluate how the trainer is applicable to real-world situation. We conducted a survey after training to measure the impact of our approach for PLC programming knowledge for participants and result show enhanced knowledge in design step module and LL programming module significantly with our approach.
-The research aims to study and optimize the formulation of materials required for advanced ceramic production using response surface methodology (RSM). In this research effort, the five (5) process independent variables studied with their corresponding levels are: Antang corundum powder, A (92.2 -100 %W); polyvinyl alcohol, B (0 -5 %W); CaO, C (0 -2.3 %W); MgO, D (0 -0.5 %W);and the sintering temperature, E (1200 -1500 °C).The mechanical property responses determined were density, ρ, compressive strength, C/S,flexural strength, F/S; which are key characteristics of ceramics for armour applications. The optimized density, compressive strength and flexural strength of the sintered Antang corundum are 3.45 g/cm 3 g, 1982 MPa and 295 MPa respectively; while the respective RSM prediction values are 3.46 g/cm 3 g, 1979 MPa and 286 MPa. The optimum material compositions from the experiment were Corundum, 95.66 %W; PVA, 2.78 %W; CaO, 1.28 %W; MgO, 0.28 %W at a Sintering Temperature of 1500 °C.On comparing the determined optimum mechanical responses of the sintered Antang ceramic with the maximum RSM prediction values, there is high level of assurance in using RSM for the formulation processing ceramic armour development.
This paper presents the design, construction and performance evaluation of a locally fabricated motorized citrus juice extractor for small and medium scale industry. The fabrication materials for the machine comprises of stainless steel aluminum alloy which is used for the construction of the hopper, compression chamber and collector or receiver. The presser and perforated cylindrical sieve was formed using stainless steel sheet. The power shaft was machined from stainless steel solid shaft; mild steel angle bar was used for the main frame while the transmission pulleys were machined from mild steel material. In selection of materials for the machine critical properties such as toxicity, corrosion and pitting resistance were considered. For power transmission, 4 HP electric motor, V-belt and cast iron ball bearings were used. The performance evaluation of the machine shows that the machine extraction capacity and extraction efficiency are significantly affected by the prime mover speed in revolution per minutes (rpm). The machine efficiency is found to be 84.54 %, average juice extraction capacity is 10.92 cm3/sec or 39.312 lit/h at 600 rpm and the machine capacity is 38.89 kg/h. The production cost of the machine is about N117,800.00 (326 USD) this cost compared with the imported GG-0.5 model of similar capacity which cost about 3150 USD makes the machine considerably acquirable for use by both small and medium scale citrus juice processing plants in Nigeria. Keywords— Design, Extraction efficiency, Fabrication, Juice extractor, Performance evaluation.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.