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Background Road traffic crashes have been responsible for increase in deaths and disabilities in both developed and developing countries. One of the main areas of focus is how to improve the effectiveness of the prehospital care given to crash victims especially in the developing countries where it has been poorly developed. In Nigeria, with no formal prehospital emergency services, drivers would serve as an effective first responders, because they are the first to arrive at the accident scene in most intercity crashes. Aims and Objectives To determine commercial drivers' knowledge attitude and practice of first aids to road crash victims. Methods Using simple sampling technique, 229 commercial drivers were interviewed in Osogbo, Nigeria using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires. Results All respondents were males with majority having secondary school education (44.5%).The mean driving experience of respondents was 26.05 years. 79.9% believed that anybody could be trained to apply first aid and that pouring water to revive crash victims and giving them things to consume are vital components of first aid. 37.6% got the order of priority right- breathing maintenance, haemostasis and fracture splinting. Sideways positioning of victims, tourniquet use to secure haemorrhage and splintage of suspected fractures were indicated by18.3%, 44.5% and 88.5% of the respondents respectively. Attitude to first aid was said to be positive, majority of the respondents were ready to be trained. Significance The Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of the respondents concerning first aids to crash victims is poor. Efforts should be made to educate commercial drivers on the components of first aids.

ObjectiveWe evaluated the treatment of nonunion of humeral shaft fracture with dynamic compression plate from January 2002 to December 2009.MethodsTwenty-two patients were treated over the study period. Trauma was the predominant cause of injury in 86.4% of the patients.ResultsNonunion was atrophic in 81.8% and hypertrophic in 18.2% of the individuals. There was a primary injury of the radial nerve in 27.3% of the patients. All the participants had closed fracture at presentation, and 81.2% had received previous treatment from traditional bone setters and 18.8% had failure of the conservative cast management. The average time to healing was 16 weeks. Previous treatment from traditional bone setters significantly affected the time to fracture healing (p<0.05). All fractures had successful union.ConclusionIt was concluded that dynamic compression plating remains an effective treatment option for nonunion of humeral shaft fracture. Level of Evidence III, Retrospective study.

Background Motorcycles in Low-Mid Income Countries (LMIC) are rarely ridden for recreational purposes; rather they form an essential part of daily commuting. Consequently, most motorcycles on the roads have more than one occupant. Aims and Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the risk of sustaining injuries in riders and passengers on crashed motorcycles with more than one occupants, and if the risk is different for the two classes of occupants. Methods Between 1 January and 31 December 2009, and using a data collection form, we collected crash and injury data from victims of motorcycle crashes with more than one occupant at the time of the crash. Results There were 78 multi-occupant crashes (62.4% of 125 motorcycle crashes) in which 181 persons, made-up of 78 (43.1%) riders and 103 (56.9%) passengers got injured. Eighteen (23.1%) of the crashes occurred on motorcycles with 3–5 occupants. While the probability of sustaining injures was similar for passengers and riders, passengers were 11 times more likely to sustain severe injuries (ISS>15) than riders. Occupants of 2-occupant motorcycles were significantly older and seven times more likely to be wearing helmets than those on >2-occupant motorcycles. Users of >2-occupant motorcycles were at an increased risk of sustaining injuries compared to users of 2-occupant motorcycles (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1 to 4.3). Significance Passengers on multi-occupant motorcycles are more vulnerable to severe injuries than riders. The significance of the study findings to prevention is discussed.

Background: COVID-19 emerged as a novel disease with global health importance. Personal and collective behaviours have been modified to prevent the spread of this pandemic. This study is aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and risk perceptions of Nigerians towards COVID-19. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between the 30th of April and 17th of May 2020 with a national representative among Nigerians using a combination of online and interviewer administered questionnaire. Results: A total of 1,135 respondents participated in the study with a slight male preponderance (M: F=1.5:1). The mean age of the participants was 42±12.2 years with the majority (77%) between the ages of 26 and 55 years. The majority were aware of the pandemic, mostly through mass and social media. Most of the respondents demonstrated good knowledge of COVID-19 but the unaware minority (0.6%) were likewise uneducated. Educational status had no significant association with attitude towards hand washing and wearing of face mask (p>0.05). Risk perception was however low to moderate despite their concerns for COVID-19 and lack of trust in the governments’ response to the disease. Conclusion: The risk perception of COVID-19 among the respondents is not encouraging, hence more advocacy and public orientation must be done to curb further spread of COVID-19 in our setting.

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