Introduction: The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has necessitated the implementation of public health measures including social distancing, quarantine, and lockdown. Nigerian public universities have been closed since March 2020 after the viral outbreak. This study was carried out in order to investigate the psychological impact of COVID-19 on undergraduate students. Methods: The study was carried out among students of the College of Medicine, University of Ibadan. Study participants were recruited by snowballing sampling technique and data collection was via online self-administered questionnaires. The questionnaire was adapted from the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the Revised Impact of Event Scale (IES-R) to determine scores for depression, anxiety, stress and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Results: There were 322 participants with a median age of 22.4 (IQR = 20.5-24.2) years. Psychological impact was mild to moderate in 20.2%, and severe in 19.6%. Depression was mild to moderate in 19.3%, severe to extremely severe in 5.3%. Anxiety was mild to moderate in 10.3%, severe to extremely severe in 7.5%. Stress was mild to moderate in 16.4%, severe to extremely severe in 2.2%. Factors associated (p < 0.05) with increased levels of depression, anxiety, stress and PTSD include increase in time spent on social media, TV and movies, sleep duration, and decrease in physical activity. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant changes for Nigerian university students. Two-fifth of them reported PTSD symptoms; one-fourth reported depression; about one-fifth reported anxiety and stress. Students need psychosocial support to help them cope with and to effectively adapt to the changes caused by the pandemic.

Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) or head injuries are injuries or trauma to the scalp and or brain caused by an outside force, usually a violent blow or collision to the head by accident or deliberate attack. It can also be called be craniocerebral trauma. TBI are examples of acquired, non-degenerative assault to the brain from an external mechanical force, causing impairment of brain functions, with or without alteration to the mental state or consciousness of the victim. This paper provides a synopsis of the epidemiology and patterns of associated injuries in mild and moderate head injuries in literature. Mild and moderate head injuries were selected because they are by far commoner than severe head injuries and the outcomes are widely varied than severe head injuries. Traumatic brain injury is a global and public health problem, which in the coming years, might be the leading cause of death in Africa. High incidence is found among the adolescent and the adult age group and gender-wise, it is common among the males of the same age group. Likewise, the provision of an ambulance system and standard healthcare facilities to manage 18 patients with a traumatic brain injury can not be overemphasized.