Groundwater samples were collected randomly from hand-dug wells in parts of Ado Ekiti metropolis and were subjected to its quality assessment and characterization. Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses were carried out following standard methods (APHA 2012). Hydrochemistry of the present study revealed relative mean concentration of the cations in the order: Na + > Mg 2+ > Ca 2+ > K + , and that of the anions as Cl − > HCO 3 − > SO 4 2− > NO 3 − , respectively. The microbial test shows that E. coli tested positive in all the samples and their colonies are classified dominantly as satisfactory pollutant free state. Pollution index of groundwater results revealed an insignificant state of pollution of the groundwater. Deduction from the Pipers, Gibbs plots and chloro-alkaline indices results revealed the imprints of natural weathering, ion-exchange processes and anthropogenic activities influencing the groundwater quality. Factor analysis result also confirms the prevailing activities of natural geological forces and municipal contaminations acting on the groundwater. The hydrochemical processes coupled with the permeable nature of the aquifer media and high precipitation will influence groundwater flow and ultimately pose pollution risk to the aquifers and eventually the populace of these areas in years to come.
The geology, geochemistry and petrogenetic studies of the Precambrian basement rocks around Iworoko, Are and Afao Ekiti were carried out to determine their geochemical and petrogenetic characteristics. Three lithologies including migmatite-gneiss, granite gneiss and banded gneiss with a pegmatite dyke that occurred as an intrusion were recognized in the study area. A total of seventeen rock samples were collected from the study area which were described based on their field relationships. Ten fresh rock samples were later selected for geochemical analysis. The result of the geochemical analysis revealed that silica (SiO 2 ) is the most abundant major oxide when compared with other oxides present in all the rock samples analyzed with an average percentage composition of 66.31%. The average percentage composition of other oxides present in all the rock samples are as follows; (16.41%) Al 2 O 3 , (3.67%) Fe 2 O 3 , (0.25%) CaO, (4.28%) K 2 O, (3.53%) Na 2 O, (1.75%) MgO, (0.78%) P 2 O 5 , (0.54%) TiO 2 and (0.061%) MnO. The results of the trace and rare earth elements analyses revealed that Barium (Ba) is the most abundant with an average value of 328.7ppm compared to other trace and rare earth elements present in the rock samples. The high concentration of barium in the migmatite-gneisses of the study area revealed the radioactive nature of this lithology. Petrological and chemical data suggests a sedimentary protolith, probably greywacke for the migmatite gneiss, gneiss and banded gneiss in the study area which may have been derived from a continental environment. Keywords: Are; Afao; Iworoko; Lithologies; Geochemical plots; Statistics. INTRODUCTIONNigeria lies to the rest of the West Africa craton in the region of late Precambrian to Early Paleozoic orogenesis. The basement complex is made up of Precambrian rocks and the schist belts infolded in them. The Precambrian rocks of southwestern Nigeria is part of the Precambrian Basement complex of Nigeria, the Basement complex itself is made up of Gneiss-migmatite complex and the Pan African older Granite rocks. However, the lithologies in the study area include; migmatite-gneiss, granite-gneiss and banded gneiss. These rocks have undergone polycyclic deformation thereby causing the deformation of both the macro and micro structures. Secondary structures in rocks that can be used as clues to determine the geologic history of an area include; joints, folds, fractures and foliations etc. Some of these structures are not deformational but were formed at the same time the rocks were emplaced. A lot of literatures abound on the study of basement geology of Nigeria and its associated structures which include Anifowose et al (2007) who noted that joints ranging from minor to major ones are found in all the rock types, some of which are filled with quartz, feldspars or a combination of both. They lie generally in the NE-SW direction. Odeyem et al., (1999) also suggested that almost all the foliation exhibited by the rocks of southwestern Nigeria excluding the intru...
To assess the vulnerability of Araromi residents to toxic (trace) metal pollution, we estimated the ecological risk of the sediments in the coastal area. The concentration of the metals (ppm) followed the trend: Fe (16,265-90,512) > Mn (116.3-1657) > Zn (16.5-338) > Cu (2.62-75.5) > Cr (4.5-29.25) > Pb (2-104.5) > Co (2.5-26) > Ni (1.45-22.75) > Cd (0.0015-1.5). Sediments from Oke Siri-2, Idi Gbengben-1, Oke Meji, Idi Gbengben-3, and Ola Baba evidenced significant or extremely high enrichments. The degree of pollution of the trace metal was Pb > Cd > Zn > Fe > Mn > Co > Cu > Cr > Ni.Furthermore, the derived geoaccumulation index and contamination factor revealed that Pb, Cd, and Zn exhibited low-high pollution levels. In contrast, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn, Fe, and Co showed zero potential for ecological risks. The hazard index suggested that children and adults were not susceptible to any potential carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic effects. Also, the consensus-based sediment quality guidelines revealed no adverse effects caused by toxic metals as the metals have values below the probable effect concentrations.
Grain size analysis and sedimentology of beach sediments in Lagos, southwestern Nigeria have been studied. Ten fresh beach sediment samples were randomly collected at a depth of 25 cm-40 cm along Lagos and Badagry axis. The sediments were analyzed by wet sieving method. Ternary diagrams indicate that the beach sediment is silty. The graphic mean ranges from 1.02ф (medium grained) to 2.21ф (fine grained) with an average of 1.61ф (medium grained). The preponderance of medium grained sediments and lack of coarse sands suggest moderate to high energy conditions of deposition. Graphic standard deviation ranges from 0.01ф-0.81ф (very well sorted to moderately well sorted), with an average of 0.52ф (moderately well sorted). This is probably due to rapid back and forth flow of the depositing medium. Inclusive graphic skewness ranges from −0.38 to 1.41 (strongly coarse skewed to strongly fine skewed), with an average of 0.41 (strongly fine skewed). The graphic kurtosis values are between 0.44 and 1.37, which indicates very platykurtic to leptokurtic; with an average of 0.78 (platykurtic). This variation suggests that part of the sediment achieved its sorting elsewhere in high-energy environment. Histograms of the sediments exhibit both unimodal and bimodal trends. The arrangement is dominantly asymmetrical with varying modal class, which could be attributed to variation in the energy of the transporting medium. Bivariate plots (simple skewness vs. standard deviation and mean size vs. standard deviation) show the samples plotting mainly in the river sand zone, which suggests that the sediments were initially river sediments before reworking to the present site; other parameters that discriminate between river channel deposits, overbank deposits and overbank-pool deposits show the beach sediments plotting in the river channel zone. Linear discriminant functions analysis indicates a shallow marine beach environment in agitated water, with inputs from aeolian source. The Passega CM diagram suggests suspension and rolling as the mode of deposition.
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