Efficient management of poultry litter resulting from the ever growing agricultural industry is key to saving the global environment. In this study, effect of chicken type and reactor temperature on biofuel yields from pyrolysis of poultry litter has been studied. Samples of fresh droppings of broiler and layer chickens were collected from the poultry farm of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, SouthWestern Nigeria. The samples were sun dried for two days and afterwards oven-dried at a temperature of 105 o C for 10 minutes. Samples of 40 g each were pyrolyzed at four different reactor temperatures (300, 400, 500 and 600 o C) for 15 minutes. The yield of pyro-oil and pyro-gas from the litter of the two chicken types increased with reactor temperature while char yield decreased with it. Pyro-oil yield from broiler litter was higher than that from layer litter at all temperatures while pyro-gas yield from layer litter was higher than that from broiler litter at all the conditions studied. The highest yield of pyro-oil (65.10% at 600 o C) was obtained from broiler litter while the highest yields of char (42.12% at 300 o C) and pyro-gas (25.7% at 600 o C) were recorded for layer litter. The presence of alkali metals in different proportions in broiler and layer litter was identified to have influenced pyrolysis secondary reactions. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin may also be in different percentages in the two types of chicken litter.
Sustainability in energy production, energy security, and global warming are major concerns facing the globe today. Cylindrical Solar Concentrator is extensively utilized for technologically advanced processes, heat, and power plant applications by utilizing daylight sunshine at no running cost. Numerous inputs and characteristics impact the concentrator's performance, with the type of heat transfer fluid and its mass flow rate being two of the most important. This paper gives a numerical investigation of the influence of thermo-physical attribute of CuO water-based nanofluids on the effectiveness of the Parabolic Trough Solar Concentrator in Ogbomosho weather condition (lat. 8o011, long. 4o111).The governing equations of nanofluids with laminar flow and steady state, using iterative relaxation techniques, as well as the efficiency of the concentrator, were solved. A C++ simulation program was developed to investigate the impacts of thermo physical parameters on concentrator efficiency, with nanoparticle sizes ranging from 1 to 10 percent and mass flow rates of 0.1 kg/s, 0.15 kg/s, and 0.2 kg/s, at a constant incident solar insolation flux of 186 W/m2. The results demonstrated that increasing the mass flow rate of the nanofluids improves the heat transmission properties. The thermo physical properties of CuO-based nanofluids and its effects on the performance of the solar parabolic trough collector are being examined. The impact of thermophysical attributes on thermal effectiveness results in improved thermal efficacy, heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids, and factors influencing its features in solar collectors, which determines its usability. The Parabolic Trough Collector system based on nanofluids is a promising technology with applications in green surroundings.
This work focussed on the optimisation of product yields from the pyrolysis of palm kernel shells (PKS). 479g of dried PKS were loaded into the retort and then placed inside the furnace chamber and this was pyrolysed at 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700°C. The pyrolysis products obtained are char, tar (pyro oil and pyroligneous acid) and gas. A full factorial design (FFD) consisting two factors (Temperature and duration of pyrolysis) at three level was used to study the pattern of product yields from the pyrolysis of PKS. Char, tar and gas were evaluated as the responses. Thirteen experimental runs resulted from the FFD with a minimum product yield of 0.9wt% and maximum product yield of 99wt%. Response surface methodology was used to analyse the results of the FFD of the product yields of PKS. The optimum conversion yields expressed as a percentage of oven-dried weight of palm kernel shells of char, tar and gas products at their respective pyrolysing temperatures were 99wt% char at 304°C, 35wt% tar at 700°C and 39% gas at 700°C. The duration for the pyrolysis process was 20mins for 479g of dried palm kernel shells. The results of the work show that palm kernel shells can be readily pyrolised to obtain optimum yield of gas, tar (mixture of pyrolitic oil and pyroligneous acid) and char.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.