Abstract Internal migration in Italy increased in the 2000s due to foreigners residing in the country. Foreigners have changed the characteristics of Italy’s internal migration. Extended gravity models were run to highlight the differences between the migratory behaviours of Italians and foreigners. The model was implemented to detect the different effects of the Italian and foreign populations, and the distances between the provinces of origin and destinations of the inter-provincial migration of Italians and foreigners. Estimations obtained for the years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015 highlight the different evolutions of the phenomenon.

Immigrationfigures have increased over time, reaching unforeseen levels in the first decade of the 21st century. Indeed, Italy and Spain have joined the ranks of the more attractive destinations on the world scale of international migration (Sobotka, 2009;Strozza, 2010). Italy has seen a gradual increase in its resident foreign population, a rise which has stemmed in part from periodic special regularizations of illegal aliens (Bonifazi & Strozza, 2020;Strozza, 2019). According to

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BACKGROUND In the last few years the need for disaggregated statistics at small territorial levels to monitor the social and economic conditions of the various areas of a country has increased considerably. The question of how to define these indicators has been the topic of a recent international debate. OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess whether simple, widely available demographic indexes, like mortality measures, may serve as sentinel indicators of economic development and social wellbeing in Italy. METHODS We analyse and compare the geographical patterns of the infant mortality rate and of the mortality rates for leading causes of death with the spatial pattern found for a more complex index, the vulnerability index, recently introduced by the Italian National Institute for Statistics at the provincial level in contemporary Italy. RESULTS Mortality from leading causes of death such as diseases of the circulatory system, and mortality from increasingly emergent causes of death such as diabetes, may offer a valid statistic to grasp economic development and social wellbeing in Italy today. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are important because policymakers need to rely on indicators with the following fundamental properties: easy availability, clear definition, temporal continuity, and spatial comparability. Barbi, Casacchia & Racioppi: Cause-specific mortality as sentinel indicator of socioeconomic conditions http://www.demographic-research.org CONTRIBUTION This study contributes to the literature by showing that mortality data is a straightforward and powerful tool to help policymakers plan appropriate interventions.