To determine the function of the pS2 trefoil protein, which is normally expressed in the gastric mucosa, the mouse pS2 (mpS2) gene was inactivated. The antral and pyloric gastric mucosa of mpS2-null mice was dysfunctional and exhibited severe hyperplasia and dysplasia. All homozygous mutant mice developed antropyloric adenoma, and 30 percent developed multifocal intraepithelial or intramucosal carcinomas. The small intestine was characterized by enlarged villi and an abnormal infiltrate of lymphoid cells. These results indicate that mpS2 is essential for normal differentiation of the antral and pyloric gastric mucosa and may function as a gastric-specific tumor suppressor gene.
Graphical Abstract Highlights d MemBright allows for bright and specific staining of EVs d The zebrafish embryo allows tracking of tumor EVs at high spatiotemporal resolution d Circulating tumor EVs are mostly taken up by endothelial cells and patrolling macrophages d Zebrafish melanoma EVs favor metastatic outgrowth in zebrafish embryos
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