Purpose: To characterize the phenotype of retinal vessels using central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE), central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE), tortuosity and fractal dimension (FD) in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) subjects. Methods: This prospective case-control multicentre study included 61 POAG subjects and 61 controls matched for age, systemic hypertension and body mass index. Fundus images of the right eye were acquired using a non-mydriatic camera. Central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE), CRVE, arteriole-to-venule ratio, FD and tortuosity of the vascular network were measured using VAMPIRE software (Vessel Assessment and Measurement Platform for Images of the Retina). Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients underwent 24.2 sita-standard visual field and peri-papillary optical coherence tomography (OCT) examinations. Data were expressed as median and interquartile range (75-25th percentiles).Results: The control group was comparable to the POAG group for sex ratio, refraction and intraocular pressure. The mean CRAE and the mean CRVE were significantly lower in the POAG group than in the control group [150.5 (137.9; 157.1) lm versus 161.3 (154.0; 168.4) lm and 204.8 (190.1; 218.1) lm versus 233.5 (222.3; 246.9) lm, respectively; p < 0.001] and for fractal parameters as well. No significant difference was found for tortuosity between the two groups. There was a significant correlation between CRAE and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness (r = 0.27; p = 0.03). VAMPIRE parameters were not correlated with visual field indices.Conclusion: Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) was associated with a narrowing of arterial and venous retinal vessels, a higher arteriole-to-venule ratio and lower values of FD. The relationship between CRAE and RNFL thickness needs further investigation.

The aim of this prospective study was to compare retinal vascular diameter measurements taken from standard fundus images and adaptive optics (AO) images. We analysed retinal images of twenty healthy subjects with 45-degree funduscopic colour photographs (CR-2 Canon fundus camera, Canon™) and adaptive optics (AO) fundus images (rtx1 camera, Imagine Eyes®). Diameters were measured using three software applications: the VAMPIRE (Vessel Assessment and Measurement Platform for Images of the REtina) annotation tool, IVAN (Interactive Vessel ANalyzer) for funduscopic colour photographs, and AO_Detect_Artery™ for AO images. For the arterial diameters, the mean difference between AO_Detect_Artery™ and IVAN was 9.1 µm (−27.4 to 9.2 µm, p = 0.005) and the measurements were significantly correlated (r = 0.79). The mean difference between AO_Detect_Artery™ and VAMPIRE annotation tool was 3.8 µm (−34.4 to 26.8 µm, p = 0.16) and the measurements were poorly correlated (r = 0.12). For the venous diameters, the mean difference between the AO_Detect_Artery™ and IVAN was 3.9 µm (−40.9 to 41.9 µm, p = 0.35) and the measurements were highly correlated (r = 0.83). The mean difference between the AO_Detect_Artery™ and VAMPIRE annotation tool was 0.4 µm (−17.44 to 25.3 µm, p = 0.91) and the correlations were moderate (r = 0.41). We found that the VAMPIRE annotation tool, an entirely manual software, is accurate for the measurement of arterial and venular diameters, but the correlation with AO measurements is poor. On the contrary, IVAN, a semi-automatic software tool, presents slightly greater differences with AO imaging, but the correlation is stronger. Data from arteries should be considered with caution, since IVAN seems to significantly under-estimate arterial diameters.

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The aim of the study was to estimate the phenotype of retinal vessels using central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE), central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE), tortuosity, and fractal analysis in the unaffected contralateral eye of patients with central or branch retinal vein occlusion (CRVO or BRVO). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Thirty-four patients suffering from CRVO, 15 suffering from BRVO, and 49 controlled matched subjects had a fundus image analyzed using the VAMPIRE software. The intraclass correlation coefficient and a Bland-Altman plot were done for the reproducibility study. <b><i>Results:</i></b> There was a lack of evidence of difference between the control group and the CRVO group for CRAE (<i>p</i> = 0.06), CRVE (<i>p</i> = 0.3), and arterio-venule ratio (AVR, <i>p</i> = 0.6). Contralateral eyes of CRVO exhibited a significantly higher arterial and minimum arterial tortuosity values (<i>p</i> = 0.012), as compared with control eyes. Contralateral eyes of patients with a history of BRVO had a significantly higher CRAE (<i>p</i> = 0.02), AVR (<i>p</i> = 0.006), and minimal arterial tortuosity (<i>p</i> = 0.05). Fractal analysis showed that contralateral eyes of BRVO had higher values of fractal parameters (D0a, <i>p</i> = 0.005). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> This study suggests that CVRO or BRVO is not triggered by the same retinal vascular phenotypes in the contralateral eye. The morphology of retinal vasculature may be associated with the occurrence of RVO, independently of known risk factors.