No abstract

We recently demonstrated that the product of the HERV-W env gene, a retroviral envelope protein also dubbed syncytin, is a highly fusogenic membrane glycoprotein inducing the formation of syncytia on interaction with the type D mammalian retrovirus receptor. In addition, the detection of HERV-W Env protein (Env-W) expression in placental tissue sections led us to propose a role for this fusogenic glycoprotein in placenta formation. To evaluate this hypothesis, we analyzed the involvement of Env-W in the differentiation of primary cultures of human villous cytotrophoblasts that spontaneously differentiate by cell fusion into syncytiotrophoblasts in vitro. First, we observed that HERV-W env mRNA and glycoprotein expression are colinear with primary cytotrophoblast differentiation and with expression of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a marker of syncytiotrophoblast formation. Second, we observed that in vitro stimulation of trophoblast cell fusion and differentiation by cyclic AMP is also associated with a concomitant increase in HERV-W env and hCG mRNA and protein expression. Finally, by using specific antisense oligonucleotides, we demonstrated that inhibition of Env-W protein expression leads to a decrease of trophoblast fusion and differentiation, with the secretion of hCG in culture medium of antisense oligonucleotide-treated cells being decreased by fivefold. Taken together, these results strongly support a direct role for Env-W in human trophoblast cell fusion and differentiation.In humans, fetal cytotrophoblasts play a key role both in the embryo implantation process and in placental development. In early pregnancy, mononuclear cytotrophoblasts proliferate and invade the maternal endometrium to form the anchoring villi (4,14). Cytotrophoblasts also fuse and differentiate into a continuous layer of multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast. This cell layer, which covers the chorionic villi, is bathed by maternal blood in the intervillous spaces from early gestation (31, 34). The syncytiotrophoblast layer plays a major role throughout pregnancy, since it is the site of numerous placental functions including ion and nutrient exchange and the synthesis of steroid and peptide hormones required for fetal growth and development (13, 33). Some of these hormones, such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and human placental lactogen, are specific to pregnancy and can be used as markers of syncytium formation (20,22).It has been established both in vivo and in vitro that the syncytiotrophoblast layer arises from the differentiation and fusion of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts. Isolated mononuclear cytotrophoblasts aggregate and fuse to form a nonproliferative multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast which synthesizes and secretes specific hormones required for fetal development (2,25). This cytotrophoblast differentiation is stimulated in vitro by a number of factors such as growth factors (epidermal growth factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) and hormones (hCG, estradiol, and dexamethasone). We recently ...

The definitive demonstration of a role for a recently acquired gene is a difficult task, requiring exhaustive genetic investigations and functional analysis. The situation is indeed much more complicated when facing multicopy gene families, because most or portions of the gene are conserved among the hundred copies of the family. This is the case for the ERVWE1 locus of the human endogenous retrovirus W family (HERV-W), which encodes an envelope glycoprotein (syncytin) likely involved in trophoblast differentiation. Here we describe, in 155 individuals, the positional conservation of this locus and the preservation of the envelope ORF. Sequencing of the critical elements of the ERVWE1 provirus showed a striking conservation among the 48 alleles of 24 individuals, including the LTR elements involved in the transcriptional machinery, the splice sites involved in the maturation of subgenomic Env mRNA, and the Env ORF. The functionality and tissue specificity of the 5 LTR were demonstrated, as well as the fusogenic activity of the envelope polymorphic variants. Such functions were also shown to be preserved in the orthologous loci isolated from chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon. This functional preservation among humans and during evolution strongly argued for the involvement of this recently acquired retroviral envelope glycoprotein in hominoid placental physiology.