This research provides new evidence about the relationship between travel behavior, workplace diversification, and environmental impact in the United Kingdom using data from the National Travel Survey for the period between 2002 and 2017. The path analysis approach based on SEM handles both direct and indirect effects and allows for a comprehensive study of travel behavior, trade-off effects, and work and non-work trips. The results suggest that workplace diversification is often reflected by longer average distances for work trips, which are often associated with more remote residential locations. Findings also show that for some categories, such as teleworkers and home-based workers, trade-off effects are observed between work and non-work trips, which increase CO2 emission levels. IntroductionA number of key developments have affected the labor market over recent decades. These include the increased participation of women in the labor force, the changing nature of the employer-employee relationship, and the growing role of information and communication technologies (ICT). These developments have tended to modify daily work patterns in terms of both time-schedules and workplace locations. The changes in the working day and, in particular, the diversification of workplaces (as with teleworking) may potentially contribute to a strategy for managing travel demand so as to reduce congestion and the negative environmental impacts of transportation such as greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Nonetheless, studies of teleworking tend to identify a series of rebound effects, such as the trade-off between commuting and non-work trips, or residential relocation (Ory and Mokhtarian, 2006;Ravalet and Rerat, 2019). Although previous scholars have explored the impacts of telework on travel patterns, few studies have highlighted how other changes in the workplace, such as multiple work locations or home-based work (Mokhtarian and Henderson, 2000) might affect travel behavior.Commuting and business-related trips aside, the changes affecting workplaces also have significant effects on non-work trips. Work location and schedules play a structuring role in the daily activity program and are likely to affect other trip purposes as well, such as shopping, recreational, and health-related trips (Aguilera et al., 2009). On the one hand, a large proportion of individuals' non-work trips are undertaken in conjunction with work-related travel. On the other hand, the development of ICT increases the
International audienceLimiting commuting trips in major cities is important from the environmental, social and economic standpoints. In order to design policies that aim to change commuting practices it is, however, necessary to have acquired a good understanding of the trips in question and their determinants. However, these trips have been subjected to very little study in the cities of developing countries. This paper is concernedwith the Rio de JaneiroMetropolitan Area (RJMA), and sets out to test the influence of “classical” socioeconomic and spatial variables on the distance and duration of the commuting trips of the region's inhabitants, especially those with the lowest incomes. The main original feature of this research is that it includes jobs in the informal sector. The results show that, all other things being equal, commuting distances and times are shorter for the informal sector, and people walk more from their homes to their place of work because jobs in the informal sector are more dispersed than jobs in the formal sectors. The notable exception is personal and household services for which employees (who are mainly women) live a long way from the city center where wealthy families (and their jobs) are concentrated
International audienceThe present article looks to pinpoint explanatory factors for the sharing of escorting of children in dual-earner families. It proposes a detailed analysis of inequalities and interactions in dual-earner families when it comes to escorting children by taking into account the characteristics of trips to and from school for children, the characteristics of the parents’ occupations, and the characteristics of the household. Compared with earlier research, the model considers more detailed data about the escorts’ jobs, such as specific working hours, which provide a better understanding of the constraints on parents and insight into the choices made when both parents are in a position to escort their children. The findings depart somewhat from those of earlier work on the question because more specific data are considered. They show a marked gender inequality in escorting because mothers in dual-earner families do more than two-thirds of the escorting. But the factors explaining the sharing of escorting act almost symmetrically for both parents, with the effect of work starting and finishing times being preponderant. These models confirm that the inequality kicks in ahead of this: mothers in dual-earner households are more often than fathers in jobs with short working hours and which are more compatible with escorting
Digital Terrain Models constructed from contour lines often contain artifacts originating from their construction from irregularly spaced height measurements. We evaluate and illustrate these artifacts and their impact on terrain parameters. We provide algorithms to correct them as much as possible, and propose a methodology to predict areas where uncertainty still remains because of these artifacts. The analysis of these artifacts enables us to derive qualitative parameters such as Blikely over-estimated,^Blikely underestimated,^and Bwith no significant bias^on the DTM. Our method provides a qualitative description of local uncertainty, which is often more relevant for geographical applications than global quality parameters.
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common female malignancy in the world and almost one third of cases occur after 70 years of age. Optimal management of BC in the elderly is a real challenge and requires a multidisciplinary approach, mainly because the elderly population is heterogeneous. In this review, we describe the various possibilities of treatment for localized or metastatic BC in an aging population. We provide an overview of the comprehensive geriatric assessment, surgery, radiotherapy, and adjuvant therapy for early localized BC and of chemotherapy and targeted therapies for metastatic BC. Finally, we attempt to put into perspective the necessary balance between the expected benefits and risks, especially in the adjuvant setting.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.