It was found that DMV still faces large practical and theoretical challenges, most notably the lack of a theoretical base for the interpretation of the monetary values produced. Before these challenges are addressed it is early days to assess the usefulness of DMV for the valuation of ecosystem services.

1. The ecosystem services approach is based on the interdependencies between nature and human well-being. However, while the ecosystem services aspect of this approach is well-developed, the human well-being aspect remains unstructured and vaguely defined.2. An integrated conceptual framework was developed by adapting and linking the UK National Ecosystem Assessment-Follow On framework with human well-being domains.3. As well as benefits, the notion of disbenefits was incorporated to recognise the potentially detrimental effects from interacting with nature. Benefits and disbenefits occur at the social-ecological interface and are classified by the seven domains of human well-being they affect.4. The framework is applied to saltmarsh habitat as a case study, highlighting knowledge gaps and the potential applicability and usefulness of the framework. In saltmarsh, benefits mainly accrue at larger scales with a greater impact affecting local to global individuals, while disbenefits tend to occur at a smaller scale and impact in-situ individuals. The framework provides in-depth insight into links, trade-offs and dichotomiesbetween benefits and disbenefits and human well-being, and improves accessibility to the complex research area of human well-being.6. This research can be a useful tool to guide environmental and health policy and management, as well as stakeholder engagement. K E Y W O R D Sbenefits, disbenefits, ecosystem services, health, saltmarsh, Wales, well-being | 487People and Nature RENDON Et al.

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Ecosystems can buffer against adverse events and, by so doing, reduce the costs of risk-bearing 13 to society; benefits which have been termed 'insurance value'. Although the terminology is recent, the concept is older and has its roots in ecological resilience. However, a synthesis of studies through the lens of the insurance value concept is lacking. Here we fill this important knowledge gap by conducting a rapid evidence assessment on how, where and why the insurance value of ecosystems has been measured. The review highlighted the often substantial positive values that were associated with restoration, rehabilitation or avoidance of loss of natural ecosystems. However, many regions, ecosystems and hazards are not widely researched. Most studies focused on forests, agriculture and wetlands, often with an emphasis on habitat restoration to reduce flood risks. Over half the studies provided non-monetary or monetary estimates of value, reporting, for example, improved ecological function, achieved/achievable cost reductions or willingness-to-pay. Nevertheless, the evidence-base remains fragmentary and is characterised by inconsistent reporting of valuation methodologies. This precludes drawing general conclusions. We recommend that future studies of insurance value adopt a common approach to facilitate the development of a more robust evidence-base. KeywordsEcosystem services; insurance value; natural hazards; risk; resilience; rapid evidence assessment Highlights  We assess the existing empirical research on the insurance value of ecosystems;  There is a mismatch between research topics and hazard types, location and severity;  Values can be substantial, but there is little consistency in how they are calculated;  We recommend a common approach to facilitate mainstreaming of insurance value.

The goal of ecosystem-based management (EBM) is to support a sustainable and holistic multisectored management approach, and is recognized in a number of international policy frameworks. However, it remains unknown how these goals should be linked to assessments and management plans for marine fauna, such as mammals and fish stocks. It appears particularly challenging to carry out trade-off analyses of various ocean uses without a framework that integrates knowledge of environmental, social, and economic benefits derived from nonstationary marine fauna. We argue this gap can be filled by applying a version of the ecosystem-service approach at the population level of marine fauna. To advance this idea, we used marine mammals as a case study to demonstrate what indicators could operationalize relevant assessments and deliver an evidence base for the presence of ecosystem services and disservices derived from marine mammals. We found indicators covering common ecosystem service categories feasible to apply; examples of indicator data are already available in the literature for several populations. We encourage further exploration of this approach for application to marina fauna and biodiversity management, with the caveat that conceptual tensions related to the use of the ecosystem service concept itself needs to be addressed to ensure acceptance by relevant stakeholders.