Real-time telerehabilitation appears to be effective and comparable to conventional methods of healthcare delivery for the improvement of physical function and pain in a variety of musculoskeletal conditions.

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Findings demonstrate that persistence of sensorimotor and physiological changes beyond expected recovery times following subacute mTBI in an adult population is possible. These findings have implications for post-injury assessment and management.

Previous research has highlighted that squat-stand maneuvers (SSMs) augment coherence values within the cerebral pressure-flow relationship to ∼0.99. However, it is not fully elucidated if mean arterial pressure (MAP) leads to this physiological entrainment independently, or if heart rate (HR) and/or the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2) also have contributing influences. A 2:1 control-to-case model was used in the present investigation [participant number ( n) = 40; n = 16 age-matched (AM); n = 16 donor control (DM); n = 8 heart transplant recipients (HTRs)]. The latter group was used to mechanistically isolate the extent to which HR influences the cerebral pressure-flow relationship. Participants completed 5 min of squat-stand maneuvers at 0.05 Hz (10 s) and 0.10 Hz (5 s). Linear transfer function analysis (TFA) examined the relationship between different physiological inputs (i.e., MAP, HR, and Pco2) and output [cerebral blood velocity (CBV)] during SSM; and cardiac baroreceptor sensitivity (BRS). Compared with DM, cardiac BRS was reduced in AM ( P < 0.001), which was further reduced in HTR ( P < 0.045). In addition, during the SSM, HR was elevated in HTR compared with both control groups ( P < 0.001), but all groups had near-maximal coherence metrics ≥0.98 at 0.05 Hz and ≥0.99 at 0.10 Hz ( P ≥ 0.399). In contrast, the mean HR-CBV/Pco2-CBV relationships ranged from 0.38 (HTR) to 0.81 (DM). Despite near abolishment of BRS and blunted HR following heart transplantation, long-term HTR exhibited near-maximal coherence within the MAP-CBV relationship, comparable with AM and DM. Therefore, these results show that the augmented coherence with SSM is driven by blood pressure, whereas elevations in TFA coherence as a result of HR contribution are likely correlational in nature.

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Objective:To provide preseason reference scores for Canadian youth tackle football players on the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5 (SCAT5) and to examine whether age, concussion history, and self-reported medical diagnoses are associated with SCAT5 subcomponent performance.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:Calgary, Alberta.Participants:Five hundred one male youth football players (ages 13-18 years) participating in the 2021 season.Assessment of Risk Factors:SCAT5 subcomponents were assessed by age group (13-14, 15-16, 17-18), concussion history (0, 1, 2+, and yes/no), and self-reported diagnoses (headache disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder, learning disability/dyslexia, and depression, anxiety, or other psychiatric disorder).Main Outcome Measures:Virtual video administration (vs traditional in-person testing) of the SCAT5 was completed, and subcomponent scores included total number of symptoms (/22), symptom-severity score (/132), Standardized Assessment of Concussion [orientation (/5), immediate memory (/30), concentration (/5), delayed recall (/10)], and modified Balance Error Scoring System (/30). Kruskal–Wallis, one-way analysis of variance , Mann–Whitney U, or independent t tests were used to assess possible associations depending on number of groups and data normality.Results:Virtual SCAT5 assessment scores across all outcomes did not differ by age group or concussion history. The median number of symptoms and median symptom-severity score at baseline was 2, and 173 players (34.5%) reported no symptoms. Median total number of errors on the modified Balance Error Scoring System was 3. Participants with certain self-reported diagnoses (attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder, dyslexia) demonstrated poorer performance on some SCAT5 subcomponents (symptom reporting, Standardized Assessment of Concussion).Conclusions:Baseline SCAT5 performance did not differ by age group or concussion history in male youth football players. Diagnoses of the self-reported disorders examined may be important considerations for interpretation of the SCAT5 assessment.