Variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) is a promising algorithm for near-term quantum machines. It can be used to estimate the ground state energy of a molecule by performing separate measurements of O(N 4 ) terms. This quartic scaling appears to be a significant obstacle to practical applications. However, we note that it empirically reduces to O(N 3 ) when we partition the terms into linear-sized commuting families that can be measured simultaneously. We confirm these empirical observations by studying the MIN-COMMUTING-PARTITION problem at the level of the fermionic Hamiltonian and its encoding into qubits. Moreover, we provide a fast, precomputable procedure for creating linearly sized commuting partitions by solving a round-robin scheduling problem via flow networks. In addition, we demonstrate how to construct the quantum circuits necessary for simultaneous measurement, and we discuss the statistical implication of simultaneous measurement. Our results are experimentally validated by a ground state estimation of deuteron with low shot budget on a 20-qubit IBM machine.
Mechanisms modulating HIV-specific CD8+ T cell-mediated viral inhibition are not well defined. To delineate features of effective control, we compared the ability of CD8 T cells from HIV ECs and CPs to inhibit HIV ex vivo. ECs showed superior inhibition compared to HAART-treated or untreated CPs in a typical VIA in which CD8+ T cells are rested 3 d before use (P = 0.025). In contrast, comparable antiviral activity was observed in freshly thawed cells. Rested CD8 T cells underwent apoptosis with preferential loss of HIV-specific cells. EC CD8 T cells showed greater capacity to sustain polyfunctionality ex vivo compared with those of CPs, and incubation of CD8 T cells with IL-15 augmented inhibition. These results indicate that superior ex vivo inhibition of viral replication by CD8 T cells from ECs is associated with enhanced retention of functional qualities and that in vitro antiviral function is enhanced by IL-15.
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