Scratch is a tool for initial learning of programming, but also for creating educational and entertainment content, making mathematical and scientific projects, simulating and visualizing experiments. This paper examines the effectiveness of Scratch's application in mathematics, in the study of basic geometric shapes. The analysis has shown that there is a statistically significant difference in achievement among students who have learned the basics of geometry based on the perception and recognition of geometric shapes on models and bodies and those who have used the programs implemented in Scratch. The results obtained are in a positive correlation with the students' overall school performance and show that there are no differences in achievement between boys and girls. Scratch is an environment that has allowed mathematics to become more interesting and interesting to students.
Today, it is believed that it is difficult to learn a programming language because it requires a completely different way of thinking from what students are accustomed to and need a lot of work and time to start thinking in this way. Each method for learning a programming language aims to improve the quality of learning, which is confirmed by a large number of successful students. This paper presents the influence of factors such as motivation, emotion and pre-knowledge of students on the choice of method, which is maximally adapted to the age, abilities and preferences of students. Adequate selection of the method is done by using the tests for checking the given factors to the students' data, which are later used to select the most favorable method for learning a programming language.
The output tracking is considered for discretetimecausal SISO n th order linear time invariant system with unstable zero dynamics (nonminimum phase zeros) via discretetime variable structure control. The stable system center method that originally was developed for controlling the output in continuous time nonminimum phase causal system using sliding mode (variable structure) control is extended to the discrete-time systems. The developed discrete-time stable system center technique transforms an output tracking problem to a corresponding state variable tracking problem by asymptotically identifying the ideal internal dynamics for the unstable internal states of a discrete-time system. The causal disturbances and output tracking profiles are assumed to obey a linear exogenous system with known characteristic polynomial. The theoretical results are confirmed by robust to matched disturbances discrete variable structure control design for the track parabolic-type signal problem in the third order nonminimum phase systems.
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