This paper aims at reviewing the basic properties of fresh-state extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printed concrete in order to explain the specific properties of this construction technology. The review was conducted using the bottom-up approach. The most recent literature in the field of extrusion-based concrete printing was used as a starting point, while additional papers were included through screening the references of relevant papers. Based on the inclusion criteria, review and experimental papers containing data on fresh-state 3D printed concrete properties were included, as well as materials used for 3D printing, since their properties directly affect the fresh-state properties of concrete mixture. Papers concerning data only on hardened properties were excluded. Reviewed properties are: technological properties (pump ability and flow ability) and printability properties(extrudability, print quality and buildability).
This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the freeze-thaw resistance with de-icing salts (resistance to scaling) of three slag-based alkali-activated (AA) concrete mixes and the reference OPC concrete mix. The scaling resistance was tested on the samples subjected to the 7, 14, 28, 42 and 56 freezing and thawing cycles with 3% NaCl solution as freezing medium. The results showed that the increased sodium silicate content enhances the scaling resistance of the AA concrete. OPC concrete exhibited much higher scaling resistance up to 42 cycles, after which it showed severe damage, while the scaling of AA concrete mixes became more moderate after 7 cycles of testing.
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