Over the past three decades, batteries based on Li-ion chemistry have attracted attention because of the lowest redox potential and small ionic size of Li. 1,2 The recent rise of the cost of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) due to the shortage of lithium containing resources and their uneven distribution has spurred research efforts in battery systems using other alkali metal ions, such as Na + , K + , Mg 2+ and Al 3+ . [3][4][5][6][7] Among them, Na-ion systems have drawn considerable interest because they share a similar chemistry with Li-ion chemistry, and sodium minerals are more abundant and available than lithium resources. [8][9][10] To date, Na/S batteries operating at high temperatures (300-350 C) have been successfully commercialized and have shown promising performance for large scale energy storage. 11 However, safety issues related to the highly reactive molten Na metal and corrosive molten sulfur have limited their widespread application. As a result, room temperature Na-ion based batteries (NIBs) are beginning to garner interest in the scientific community.Recently, various cathode materials have been reported for NIBs, which exhibited comparable performance to their counterparts in LIBs. [12][13][14] Unfortunately, only a small
Li metal is among the most attractive anode materials for secondary batteries, with a theoretical specific capacity > 3800 mAh g–1. However, its extremely low electrochemical potential is associated with high chemical reactivity that results in undesirable reduction of electrolyte species on the lithium surface, leading to spontaneous formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) with uncontrolled composition, morphology, and physicochemical properties. Here, we demonstrate a new approach to stabilize Li metal anodes using a hybrid organic/inorganic artificial solid electrolyte interphase (ASEI) deposited directly on the Li metal surface by self-healing electrochemical polymerization (EP) and atomic layer deposition (ALD). This hybrid protection layer is thin, flexible, ionically conductive, and electrically insulating. We show that Li metal protected by the hybrid protection layer gives rise to very stable cycling performance for over 300 cycles at current density 1 mA/cm2 and over 110 cycles at current density 2 mA/cm2, well above the threshold for dendrite growth at unprotected Li. Our strategy for protecting Li metal anodes by hybrid organic/inorganic ASEI represents a new approach to mitigating or eliminating dendrite formation at reactive metal anodesillustrated here for Liand may expedite the realization of a “beyond-Li-ion” battery technology employing Li metal anodes (e.g., Li–S).
Intrinsically and fully stretchable active-matrix-driven displays are an important element to skin electronics that can be applied to many emerging fields, such as wearable electronics, consumer electronics and biomedical devices. Here, we show for the first time a fully stretchable active-matrix-driven organic light-emitting electrochemical cell array. Briefly, it is comprised of a stretchable light-emitting electrochemical cell array driven by a solutionprocessed, vertically integrated stretchable organic thin-film transistor active-matrix, which is enabled by the development of chemically-orthogonal and intrinsically stretchable dielectric materials. Our resulting active-matrix-driven organic light-emitting electrochemical cell array can be readily bent, twisted and stretched without affecting its device performance. When mounted on skin, the array can tolerate to repeated cycles at 30% strain. This work demonstrates the feasibility of skin-applicable displays and lays the foundation for further materials development.
Please cite this article as: Myat, D.T., Stewart, M.B., Mergen, M., Zhao, O., Orbell, J.D., Gray, S., Experimental and Computational investigations of the Interactions between model organic compounds and subsequent membrane fouling, Water Research (2013Research ( ), doi: 10.1016Research ( /j.watres.2013 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. The formation of aggregates of sodium alginate and bovine serum albumin (BSA) (as 13 representative biopolymers) with humic acid were detected by Liquid Chromatography (LC) 14 UV 254 response in the biopolymer region for mixture solutions. BSA interaction with humic 15 acid showed that aggregation occurred both in the presence and absence of calcium, 16 suggesting that multivalent ions did not play a part in the aggregation process. Similar 17 analyses of the alginate interaction with humic acid also showed a positive interaction, but 18 only in the presence of calcium ions. The fouling characteristics for the BSA-humic acid 19 mixture appeared to be significantly greater than the fouling characteristics of the individual 20 solutions, while for the sodium alginate-humic acid mixture, the fouling rate was similar to 21 that of the sodium alginate alone. The effectiveness of hydraulic backwashing, 10-15% 22 reversibility, was observed for the BSA-humic acid mixture, while the % reversibility was 23 20-40% for the sodium alginate-humic acid mixture. Increased humic acid and DOC 24 rejection were observed for both BSA-humic acid and sodium alginate-humic acid solutions 25 compared to the individual solutions, indicating that the biopolymer filter cakes were able to 26 M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT2 retain humic acids. When compared with BSA-humic acid mixture solution, greater removal 27 of humic acid was observed for alginate-humic mixture, suggesting that sodium alginate may 28 have a greater capacity for associations with humic acid when in the presence of calcium than 29 BSA. Complementary molecular dynamics simulations were designed to provide insights into 30 the specific mechanisms of interaction between BSA and humic acid, as well as between 31 alginate and humic acid. For the BSA-humic acid system; electrostatic, hydrophobic and 32 hydrogen bonding were the dominant types of interactions predicted, whilst divalent ion-33 mediated bonding was not identified in the simulations, which supported the LC-results. 34Similarly for the alginate-humic acid system, the interactions predicted were divalent ion-35 mediated interactions only and this was also supported the LC results. This work suggests 36 that LC-UV 254 might be used to ...
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