Zusammenfassung: Auf der basis der nationalen erweiterungsstichprobe von PISA 2003 (PISA-e 2003) werden strukturelle Assimilationstendenzen bei 15-Jährigen, deren Familien aus der Türkei, dem gebiet der ehemaligen udSSR oder Polen zugewandert sind, im hinblick auf den gymnasialbesuch und mathematische Kompetenzen untersucht. es wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob segmentierte Assimilationsprozesse zu beobachten sind. eine allmähliche Annäherung von Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund an solche ohne Migrationshintergrund im hinblick auf diese Indikatoren über die einwanderergenerationen hinweg würde auf eine direkte Assimilation (straight-line assimilation), eine annähernde Konstanz der disparitäten hingegen auf eine so genannte abwärtsgerichtete Assimilation (downward assimilation) hindeuten. die ergebnisse weisen bezüglich der gymnasialbeteiligung und der Kompetenzen für türkischstämmige Jugendliche auf Muster der abwärtsgerichteten Assimilation hin, während die befunde für Jugendliche mit eltern aus Polen und der ehemaligen udSSR dem Muster der direkten Assimilation entsprechen. Weiterhin lässt sich aus den befunden schließen, dass der Migrationshintergrund möglichst detailliert erfasst werden sollte (1,5. generation, interethnische beziehungen), da sonst bedeutende unterschiede in den lebensumständen und dem bildungserfolg dieser Teilgruppen unerkannt bleiben.Abstract: using the extension of the national PISA 2003 sample (PISA 2003-e) of 15-year-old students, this study analyzes assimilation patterns of immigrants from Turkey, the former uSSR, and Poland in terms of educational attainment and performance in mathematics. It explores the extent to which segmented assimilation processes are observed for these groups. Increasing similarity of immigrant students across generations with native students on these dimensions would support the notion of straight-line assimilation, whereas stability in disparities would point to downward assimilation. The results of the study suggest downward assimilation for immigrant students of Turkish descent regarding educational attainment and performance in mathematics. Students whose families immigrated from the former uSSR or Poland, in contrast, show patterns of straight-line assimilation. In addition, our analyses suggest that capturing immigrant status as precisely as possible ( 1.5 generation, intermarriage) is important, as significant differences in educational success and living conditions of these groups would otherwise be overlooked.
MR imaging of the liver at 3.0 T, compared with that at 1.5 T, is feasible with equivalent image quality and diagnostic utility in terms of detection and characterization of focal liver lesions.
The purpose of the study was to examine if the higher susceptibility at 3.0 Tesla (T) compared to 1.5 T will affect the contrast in MR imaging of the liver after application of superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO). The study was approved by our institutional review board and informed consent was obtained. Seventeen healthy volunteers were examined in a prospective, intra-individual comparative study within one day on a 1.5 T and a 3.0 T MRI system. T2 weighted TSE sequences were acquired after bolus injection of a SPIO contrast agent. Image contrast and signal to noise ratio (SNR) were compared between the field strengths. Image contrast was calculated between the liver tissue and the kidneys / spleen / muscles and fluids. The students'T-test was used for statistical analysis. No influence of the higher field strength could be observed on image contrast except for the liver / muscle contrast. This was due to a distinct SNR increase of the muscle tissue at 3.0 T as a result of their relaxation properties. The higher susceptibility at 3.0 T compared to 1.5 T does not translate into a stronger signal attenuation of the SPIO enhanced liver parenchyma.
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