https://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/publication/regular-issues/past-issues/99-vol-149-no3a-october-2020/1256-morphological-anatomical-and-physical-properties-of-iron-bamboo-guadua-angustifolia-kunt-grown-in-the-philippines
The anatomical properties – namely, fiber length, fiber diameter, lumen diameter, cell wall thickness, vessel length, and width – of young (3-, 5-, and 7-yr-old) Falcataria molucanna (Miq.) Barneby & J. W. Grimes from Caraga Region, Philippines were evaluated to determine the variations among ages between and among trees, tree height, and their derived values as well, henceforth as a basis in recommending the potential of the species for various enduses. Three trees per age of known seed origin were collected and used as materials. FPRDI standard procedures for determining anatomical properties were followed. Data were analyzed using three-factorial in complete randomized design (CRD) and Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) test was used to determine significant differences among treatment means. Except for cell wall thickness, the variations in anatomical properties among age and tree were highly significant but not significant among height levels. Fiber diameter and lumen diameter increased as the trees aged. The cell wall was very thin with mean values of 0.0033 mm (3-yr-old), 0.0032 mm (5-yr-old), and 0.0031 mm (7-yr-old). Vessel length and width decreased from 3- to 5-yr-old and increased at 7-yr-old. Fiber length’s mean values increased from near pith (NP), middle (M), to near bark (NB) at all three ages and height levels except in the 3-yr middle (1.1665, 1.2032, and 1.1541 mm) and 7-yr butt (1.1541, 1.2326, and 1.2009 mm). Other anatomical properties at three ages showed no consistent trend of variations from NP to NB. The potential uses of younger falcata based on their anatomical properties were for pulp and paper, veneer, and light construction applications where strength and durability are not important.
To help augment the raw material supply of the wood-based industries, the study evaluated the physical and mechanical properties (PMP) of six selected timber species in the Philippinesfour fruit-bearing and two underutilized tree species. The fruit-bearing species were "nangka" (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.), "santol" [Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. F.)], "durian" (Durio zibethinus Murray), and "marang" [Litsea perrottetti (Blume) F. Vill.] collected from Bislig, Surigao del Sur (Caraga Region, Mindanao), while the underutilized tree species were "antipolo" [Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr] and "batino" (Alstonia macrophylla G. Donn) collected from Batangas City and Quezon Province (Region IV, Luzon), respectively. Physical properties included relative density (RD), moisture content (MC), and shrinkage. Mechanical properties covered modulus of rupture, stress at proportional limit, and modulus of elasticity in static bending; compression parallel-and perpendicular-to-grain; shear; hardness; and toughness. Standard testing procedures (ASTM-D143) were followed. Variations on the six species' PMP were statistically analyzed, including the effect of individual trees and height levels. Among the six species, batino exhibited the highest RD (0.60), followed by nangka (0.49), antipolo (0.47), santol (0.46), marang (0.36), and durian (0.34).
The physical and mechanical properties of branch wood from falcata [Falcataria molucanna (Miq.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes] grown in Caraga Region, Philippines were determined to assess suitability for end-uses such as core veneer and as material for light construction and handles and boxes as the stem wood. Tests done to compare the properties with the stem wood showed significant differences in relative density (average values of 0.284 for the stem wood and 0.255 for the branch wood) and shrinkage properties in all directions. Axial position significantly influenced variation in moisture content (p = 0.0024) for stem and branch wood, as well as relative density (p = < 0.0001) plus percent tangential (p = < 0.0001) and radial (p = 0.0014) shrinkage. For the mechanical properties, the stem wood end hardness was significantly higher by 28.8% at green condition (p = 0.0003) and by 13.36% at 12% MC (p = 0.0133) than the branch wood. The compression perpendicular to the grain at 12% MC of the stem wood was also higher by 16.10% (p = 0.0166). However, for the other mechanical properties studied, the differences were not significant. The bottom portion of the stem and branch wood exhibited the highest mechanical properties, which can be attributed to the higher relative density at this portion (p = 0.0001). Based on the results that showed insignificant differences in most of the properties between the wood types of F. moluccana, the branch wood can possibly be used for similar applications as the stem wood such as for light construction, non-structural veneer, and plywood; for tool handles, boxes, and other household items; and for pulp and paper. The utilization of the branch wood of F. moluccana, therefore, can augment the raw materials supply for the local wood industry.
The physical and mechanical properties of 10 woody vines grown in Quezon, Philippines were determined to assess their suitability for different end-uses such as handles, frames, and weaving materials for various kinds of handicrafts and furniture. The tests were done to compare the properties of the 10 vines species that showed significant differences in physical and mechanical properties. For the physical properties, alagau-baging (Premna subscandens), hinggiw-puti (Melodinus cumingii), and diplay (Rhaphidophora acuminata) gave the lowest green moisture content (35.87, 39.28, and 79.99%, respectively) and smallest diameter (9.16, 7.93, and 9.64%, respectively) and longitudinal shrinkage (0.66, 1.87, and 1.22%, respectively). However, they also showed the highest relative density (0.47, 0.55, and 0.51, respectively). For mechanical properties, the tensile strength (TS) of diplay was significantly higher than other species in split (39.44 MPa) and round (41.78 MPa) forms under green conditions. On the other hand, kamagsang-pula (Agelaea trinervis) (56.34 MPa and 41.48 MPa) and alagau-baging (Premna subscandens) (32.84 MPa and 48.64 MPa) gave the highest TS in split and round forms at 18% MC each. For folding endurance (FE), singkamas-singkamasan (Mucuna reticulata) and hinggiw-tigas (Ficus trichocarpa) had the most folds in split (86 and 83, respectively) and round forms (92 and 98, respectively). The radius of curvature (RC) of sili-sili (Ampelocissus botryostachys) (71.54 mm) was the highest and no failure was observed in diplay (Rhaphidophora acuminata). Moreover, the maximum force of the prototype baskets (132.84 kgf) and trays (129.23 kgf) showed higher than baskets from the commercial species studied (51.97 and 95.35 kgf, respectively). Based on the results of the study, the 10 woody vines are suitable and could be used as alternative raw materials for handles, toys, frames, and weaving materials for handicrafts and furniture.
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