Screening of 717 5-year-olds and 757 7-year-olds, found 55 of the former and 77 of the latter possibly to be poorly coordinated. Further diagnostic testing with the McCarthy Motor Scales confirmed the problem in a total of 95 children, a prevalence of 6.4%. Neurological examination showed 43% of the 5-year-olds and 21% of the 7-year-olds to have choreiform movements. Of the total 95, proprioception was abnormal in 40%, but abnormal muscle tone present in only 4%. An increased prevalence of hearing loss and obesity and a history of developmental delays was found. Low birth weights, prematurity, post-maturity and perinatal problems were significantly associated with poor coordination. Socioeconomic status was not a significant factor. The difficulties of testing and measuring poor coordination and the need for more precise measures are discussed. Follow-up of at risk children at age 5 with tests of motor coordination is recommended.
A simple standardized screening test (South Australian Motor Co‐ordination Screening Test, SAM Test) was developed to screen for poor co‐ordination in 5 year olds; This SAM Test, which can be used by teachers, nurses and doctors, has explicit pass/fail criteria and has classified correctly 90% of children. The McCarthy Motor Scales, which are time consuming and limited to use by psychologists, were used to categorize 60 poorly co‐ordinated and 60 normal children. The 120 children thus selected were tested on 19 items covering gross and fine motor skills. Statistical analysis to determine which items best discriminated between the two groups found the following five gross motor items to be most effective: one leg balancing, hopping, heel‐toe walking on line, jumping Over ribbon and dropping ball and catching.
Standardized medical, visual, audiometric screening and two developmental tests were carried out on 982 four‐year‐old children. The aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of functionally important health problems, to compare a comprehensive developmental screening test with a simpler one, to assess observer bias in visual screening, and to measure effects of socio‐economic status on health and development. Eighteen per cent had minor problems commonly related to development, nutrition, vision and hearing, requiring counselling and / or observation, 16% had new problems requiring assessment and/or treatment, and 0.9% had a severe handicap. Twenty‐five per cent had multiple problems of varying severity. The commonest problems of moderate severity were visual 5.4%, secretory otitis media 6.6%, hearing toss 6.1%, wheezing bronchitis 3%, obesity 5.3%, male urogenital delects 4%, minor heart disease 1.1%, and 4.9% had generalized developmental delay confirmd by psychological assessment (I.Q. 50–90). The shorter test failed to detect delay in many of these. Developmental language disorders were confirmed in 4.6% of the total. Many of the 4.2% with behavioural problems, which were significantly more common in one parent families, also showed developmental delays Orthoptists were more accurate at vision screening than nurses. The increased prevalence of developmental delays and benaviour problems in lower socio‐economic groups is significant but, with the exception of obesity, the variations in physical problems are not.
12Although the cause of salt-sensitivity in DS rats is unknown, it has been shown that adrenalectomy will prevent salt-induced hypertension.3 This establishes that intact adrenal function is at least permissive, and possibly provocative, in regard to hypertension in DS rats.DS rats appear to have abnormal adrenal cortical function. DS adrenal glands are large, and plasma From the Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Evans
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