Abstract:In this paper we review a geometric approach to PDEs. We mainly focus on scalar PDEs in n independent variables and one dependent variable of order one and two, by insisting on the underlying ( n + )-dimensional contact manifold and the so-called Lagrangian Grassmannian bundle over the latter. This work is based on a Ph.D course given by two of the authors (G. M. and G. M.). As such, it was mainly designed as a quick introduction to the subject for graduate students. But also the more demanding reader will be grati ed, thanks to the frequent references to current research topics and glimpses of higher-level mathematics, found mostly in the last sections.
Explicit models for the restricted conformal group of the Einstein static universe of dimension greater than two and for its universal covering group are constructed. Based on these models, as an application we determine all oriented and time-oriented conformal Lorentz manifolds whose restricted conformal group has maximal dimension. They amount to the Einstein static universe itself and two countably infinite series of its compact quotients.2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 53C50, 53A30.
The integral of the energy density function m of a closed Robertson-Walker (RW) spacetime with source a perfect fluid and cosmological constant Λ gives rise to an action functional on the space of scale functions of RW spacetime metrics. This paper studies closed RW spacetimes which are critical for this functional, subject to volume-preserving variations (m-critical RW spacetimes). A complete classification of m-critical RW spacetimes is given and explicit solutions in terms of Weierstrass elliptic functions and their degenerate forms are computed. The standard energy conditions (weak, dominant, and strong) as well as the cyclic property of m-critical RW spacetimes are discussed.2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 53C50, 53B30, 53Z05, 83C15, 33E05, 58E30.
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