The intensive development of industry generates a number of negative consequences, which leads to an ecological crisis. As a result, the soil on which plant products are grown is polluted by radionuclides, heavy metals, pesticides, and chemicals. That is why in the early 1960s, the alternative farming, which is also called biological, biodynamic or organic, began to develop in Europe. The movement for alternative farming is widely developing in industrialized countries with a high level of chemization of agriculture. Therefore, the proposed topic is extremely relevant in terms of rational nature use, ensuring the sustainable development of territories, as well as food security in Ukraine. The article deals with agroecological assessment of suitability of agricultural land of the Steppe Zone of Ukraine for ecological farming and bases on the modern data from the Kherson branch of the state institution "Institute of Soil Protection of Ukraine". Spatial modeling of the presence of nutrients in the steppe soil of Ukraine was made by the means of ArcGIS 10.1 product. Taking into account the obtained data and spatial modeling, the territories with soils of limited suitability for ecological farming occupy 67.2% (1194.5 thousand hectares) of the Kherson region, unsuitable soils are located on 16.7% (297.4 thousand hectares) of agricultural land of the Steppe Zone of Ukraine and suitable lands were detected on 16.1% (286.2 thousand hectares) of the territory of the studied lands. The conclusion was made that with the actual availability of lands occupied under ecological farming (4.3% or 75.9 thousand hectares), the territory of the Steppe Zone of Ukraine has a prime potential to increase the area under ecological farming by 4.2 times. Therefore, the article paid attention to ecological farming, taking into account the specifics of the content of trace elements in the steppe soils and their compliance with the methodology for determining whether soils belong to the categories of suitable, limited-suitability and unsuitable for ecological farming.
Важливим аспектом дії регуляторів росту є посилення стійкості рослин до несприятливих чинників навколишнього середовища – високих і низьких температур, нестачі вологи, фітотоксичної дії пестицидів, пошкодження шкідниками та ураження хворобами, що в кінцевому результаті сприяє значному підвищенню врожайності та поліпшенню якості продукції. Найбільш ефективними та економічно вигідними способами застосування регуляторів росту є передпосівна обробка насіння і проведення позакореневих підживлень вегетуючих рослин в основні фази вегетації. Потрапляючи на поверхню листка, регулятори росту проникають у його тканини і залучаються в біохімічні реакції обміну в рослині. Відповідно до санітарно-гігієнічної класифікації регулятори росту нового покоління відносяться до малотоксичних речовин третього і четвертого класів безпеки. У результаті їх використання не спостерігається негативного впливу на мікрофлору ґрунту, гідробіоти, вони не акумулюються у ґрунті, швидко нейтралізуються ґрунтовими сапрофітними організмами. Окрім цього, вони впливають на процес інтенсифікації фосфат мобілізуючих бактерій, різних форм симбіотичних мікроорганізмів та азотрофів, не шкодять комахам-опилювачам і компонентам навколишнього середовища. У сучасний період господарювання слід використовувати новітні методи агровиробництва, які сприяють зниженню негативного антропогенного впливу на ґрунти, витрат енергії та природних ресурсів. За таких умов необхідно розробляти та запроваджувати технології вирощування сільськогосподарських культур, які дозволили б знизити собівартість та оптимізувати живлення рослин. Одним з них є застосування рістрегулюючих речовин. Важливою характеристикою дії рістрегулюючих препаратів є підвищення стійкості рослин до несприятливих факторів середовища, нестачі вологи, різних перепадів температурного режиму, ураження рослин хворобами і шкідниками тощо. Багатьма дослідниками, у т.ч. України та інших країн світу, встановлено, що сучасні регулятори росту здатні підвищувати врожай основних сільськогосподарських культур на 10–30%.
Topicality. Ukraine is a world known producer of high-quality grain. Actually, the potential for grain production of all grain crops, especially, winter wheat is quite powerful, especially in the southern region of Ukraine. At the same time, grain yield levels largely depend on influence of many factors: the moisture supply of plants during the growing years, the agricultural background of nutrition, the selection of varietal composition, the tillage method and measures, the plant protection, the weed infestation, and other factors. There are no trifles in plant cultivation, because strict compliance with all the necessary technological requirements will allow you to obtain constant productivity and ensure a gross harvest of grain every year. This is significantly important both for the state's own needs and for exports. Currently, it is not possible to successfully cultivate crops in all fields and agricultural lands due to military operations in Ukraine. The Ukrainian manufacturers should implement previously developed elements of technology and improve new less-known and resource-saving measures. The last aspect also becomes significant in term of the weakening the economic capacity of farms, the increase in the price of material resources and a certain decrease in soil fertility. Under such conditions, the most effective measure is to review of the list of agricultural crops and select the most unpretentious to environmental conditions crops for cultivation, and among them, it is necessary to select crops highly adapted to biotic and abiotic factors of the environment, and varieties that are able to show their genetically programmed biological and eco-nomically valuable characteristics. Purpose. We attempt to achieve a significant increase in both grain yield and its quality by means of selection and involvement of new varieties in the production, and improvement of certain elements of growing technology. Materials and Methods. Setting up and conducting field experiments was carried out in accordance with the generally accepted methodology of the research case. The experimental part of the work was carried out during 2007–2021 at the research field of the NNPC of the National Academy of Sciences. Results. It was determined that winter wheat responds to predecessors, increases grain productivity against the background of fertilization. With regard to the selection of the varietal composition of soft winter wheat bred by Ukrainian breeding institutions in the last decades, it was established that most varieties are adapted to cultivation in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine, and are able to form a stable level of harvest, which does not clearly fluctuate over the years. Conclusions. We substantiated that winter wheat should be planted after more favorable predecessors, a moderate dose of mineral fertilizers should be applied, and the most productive varieties should be selected, which have the best characteristics in the conditions of the growing zone. Keywords: winter wheat, selection of adapted varieties, grain harvest, weather and climate conditions, elements of cultivation technology
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