Background:The ability to control motor actions and flexibly interact with the environment is considered one of the main components of the human brain executive functions. The spontaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) is among the physiological techniques making it possible to formulate a direct estimation of specific features of the activity of the human brain during manual movements. Purpose: This study is devoted to an investigation of brain processes in men with a high or a low individual α-frequency determined during manual movements executed by the subdominant hand. Methods: A test group consisting of 104 right-handed healthy men from the ages of 19 to 21 was divided into 2 groups in terms of the average magnitude of their individual α-frequency (ІαF) -groups with high (n = 53, IαF ≥10.04 Hz) and low (n = 51, IαF ≤10.04 Hz) values of ІαF. The power and coherence of the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex as well as the differences between the groups were evaluated by the testees during manual movements executed by the subdominant hand. Results: Manual movements executed by the subdominant hand in response to the sensory signals are generally accompanied by the increased coherence of the EEG frequency components, especially, in the frontal, anterior temporal and central brain regions in men with different α-activity characteristics. Under these conditions, it has been found some electrogenesis power lowering in the cortical areas responsible for the sensory analysis, motor programming, sensory and motor information integration. Such changes have been combined with the local power increase of θ-, α1-oscillations in the frontal leads. Additionally, men with a low IαF were characterized by the local growth of α3-activity in the frontal areas of their cortex. Men from both groups also had the generalized increase in the capacity of the high-frequency β2-and γ-oscillations. Some higher power and coherence of the EEG frequency components have been registered in men with the low IαF in comparison with men having some high α-frequency. Conclusion: The functional content of the established differences may generally reflect some relatively lower tone of the cortex activation in men with a low IαF and can be specifically compensated by some increased "intensity" and the redundancy of brain processes.

Background: Motor response suppression can be regarded as an important aspect of the executive control, as a way of changing the behavioral pattern depending on the internal state or external factors. Purpose: The aim of our study was to examine whether there were differences in the ability of cortical inhibition of triggered motor program (in the context of the Stop-Signal task) between females and males. Methods: We examined differences in the patterns of event-related EEG synchronization/desynchronization (ERS/ERD) in young volunteers under the conditions of complete inhibition of the triggered motor program of a manual movement. Thirty-six male and thirty-eight female (ages of 19 to 21) took part in the tests. The ERS and ERD indices were estimated within the EEG frequency range 8-35 Hz in frontal, central and parietal leads. Results: In both gender groups, as a global pattern, the prevalence of connected phenomena with the EEG synchronization event in the range of α-activity of the EEG, apparently associated with inhibition of the running motor program was noted. Conclusion: Cortical electrical activity acquired certain specific features of the frequency-spatial organization, which could indicate the course of somewhat different brain processes of men and women.

No abstract

Authors' contribution Wkład autorów: A. Study design/planning zaplanowanie badań B. Data collection/entry zebranie danych C. Data analysis/statistics dane-analiza i statystyki D. Data interpretation interpretacja danych E. Preparation of manuscript przygotowanie artykułu F. Literature analysis/search wyszukiwanie i analiza literatury G. Funds collection zebranie funduszy Summary Background. This study investigates the indicators of electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillatory activity and processes that are correlated with manual movements executed by the subdominant (left) hand in women with a high or a low individual α-frequency. Material and methods. 113 healthy right-handed women from the ages of 19 to 21 were divided randomly into two experimental groups with high (n = 59, IαF > 10.25 Hz) and low (n = 54, IαF ≤ 10.25 Hz) individual EEG α-frequency (IαF). EEG power during flexion or extension of the subdominant hand fingers was evaluated. Results. Manual movements performed by women, especially those exhibiting high modal α-frequency, were accompanied by reduced α and β power in mid and posterior cortical areas. These changes occurred in combination with a local power increase in α1-oscillations in the frontal leads. A local increase of α3-activity in the frontal cortex areas was also revealed in women with low IαF. In this same group of women, generalized increases in EEG power of θ-, β-and γ-oscillations were observed in the cortex. Conclusions. These results revealed a greater redundancy of brain processes in women with low IαF power compared to women with high α-frequency.

The study of processes related to the motor response suppression and the evaluation of the next, alternative, response after termination of the already observed initial motor response is of significant interest to modern scientists. The objective of our research is to identify the gender-specific features of the amplitude-time characteristics of induced cortical electrical activity in the process of the excitation of the motor programs of manual movement. Healthy and right-handed men and women aged 18–23 participated in the research. The research tasks investigated the time of simple and complex visual-motor responses, amplitude-temporal features of N2 and P3 components of cognitive evoked potentials in the response to launch and contralateral switching (dominant or subdominant arm) of the motor program of finger flexes (pressing the remote control button) in the Stop-Change paradigm. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were analyzed in the frontal, central, and parietal lobes of the cortex. It was established that male participants had lower time indexes of simple and complex visual-motor responses than women. In addition, during the contralateral switching of motor programs of manual movements the smaller latent periods of the ERPs components in the right central and left frontal sections (component N2), in the left hemisphere lobes (component P3) among men were observed. The amplitudes of the N2 and P3 components revealed higher values in male participants at the parietal lobes. Thus, the process of recognizing and differentiating the stimulus among men was faster, with more powerful focus and attention on the operative memory. In the left hemisphere of men and women the smaller latent periods of P3component (in the central lobe) and amplitudes of N2 and P3 components were determined compared to the right hemisphere. Thus, the motor programs switching in the paradigm of the experiment occurred with the sequential activation of the left and contralateral right hemispheres.

Morenko. This is an Open Access journal, all articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-ncsa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license. SummaryBackground. The amplitude-temporal characteristics of the event-related potentials of the cortex associated with the motor response were studied in women using the Stop-Signal task paradigm. Material and methods.The research involved 48 healthy, right-handed female volunteers between the ages of 18 and 23 years. Event-related potentials in the frontal, central, and parietal cortices were analyzed. The latency periods of the N2 and P3 components as well as the amplitudes of the N2 and P3 waves were determined.

Educational activity motivation deserves particular attention. Motives directly affect the quality of professional training and personality formation. Meanwhile, while obtaining high-quality higher education, it is important to monitor the educational process organization under the conditions of current challenges: the COVID-19 pandemic and the introduction of martial law on the territory of Ukraine. The relevance defines the aim - to determine the psycho-hygienic aspects of the attitude of students of medical and biological specialties to the organization of distance learning in terms of the COVID-19 pandemic and martial law, as well as to investigate the structure of motivational orientation of students towards obtaining higher education. To achieve the set research objectives, the sociological method has been used. The first stage of the study was to analyze the features of distance learning in terms of quarantine associated with the COVID-19 pandemic (excluding the spring semester of 2022), compared to the period without distance learning (traditional face-to-face learning). The second stage of the study was to analyze the characteristics of distance learning (related to the introduction of martial law) compared to distance learning caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Важливим компонентом узгодженої активності моторних систем головного мозку й діяльності виконавчого апарату є питання взаємозв’язку характеристик певних ритмів електроенцефалограми з особливостями керування дистальними м’язами. Уважається, що характер спонтанної ЕЕГ визначається генетично детермінованими особливостями структурно-функціональної організації мозку й може бути пов’язаний із рівнем психомоторних і когнітивних здібностей. Мета дослідження полягає у виявленні особливостей електричної активності поверхневих м’язів пальців кисті як показників їхнього функціонального стану в спокої та під час виконання мануальних рухів у відповідь на дію сенсорних сигналів у жінок із різними характеристиками α-ритму ЕЕГ. Обстежено 136 респонденток віком      19−21 рік, яких розділено на дві групи – із високими та низькими значеннями індивідуальної модальної альфа-частоти (ІαЧ) ЕЕГ, визначеної індивідуально в стані спокою. Електроміограми (ЕМГ) м’яза- згинача (m. flexor digitorum superficialis) і розгинача (m. extensor digitorum) пальців кисті жінок реєстрували в стані спокою та під час стискання і розтискання пальців кисті правої і лівої рук у відповідь на ритмічні слухові сигнали. Функціональний стан мʼязів в спокої оцінювали за середніми амплітудою і частотою фонових осциляцій ЕМГ, стан цих м’язів під час мануальних рухів – за логарифмічними коефіцієнтами змін середніх амплітуди та частоти ЕМГ. У жінок із високою ІαЧ у стані спокою встановлено більш значущі латеральні й реципрокні відмінності параметрів електроміограми флексорів та екстензорів пальців кисті руки, порівняно з обстежуваними з низькою індивідуальною  α-частотою. Жінок із високою α-частотою під час мануальних рухів відзначала менша скорочувальна активність поверхневих м’язів пальців кисті, особливо згиначів правої руки. Для жінок із низькою α-частотою притаманні менш специфічні й диференційовані процеси активації поверхневих м’язів пальців. Перспективою подальших досліджень може бути встановлення особливостей електроміографічної активності дистальних мʼязів рук за умови ускладнення мануальної моторики.