Patients of onychomycosis are common in the dermatology practice. Contemporary morphology creates opportunities to study the functional units of the nail when such infections occur from morphopathological point of view. There were 22 nails biopsies from onychomycosis patients taken for the research of morphopathological changes in the thickened nail plate affected by onychomycosis. Samples of cadaverous' nails were used as a control material. The material was stained with haematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical methods. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling reaction and periodic acid-Schiff reaction were also performed. We found patchy hypertrophy in the granulose layer of the epidermis, with focal acanthosis. In the horn layer, we identified nests of parakeratosis of various sizes, with incorporations of homogenous and eosinophil masses. We found high levels of interleukin 6 and interleukin 10 positive cells in the nail bed and in the bloodstream. Interleukin 1, however, was not a part of any of the functional units of any of the nails. Significant amount of fibres containing human beta defensin-2 were found in the bed and plate of the nail. Therefore one can conclude that as regards the nails affected by onychomycosis, the most effective morphopathogenical processes include cytokine and defensin excretion occurrence in the nail bed.
Onychomycosis is a chronic infection disease that is induced by different types of fungi. Changes of nail color, shape and thickness are disease clinical findings. The disease affects all ages and genders of people, however higher incidence is observed in the people who have reduced immunity.To study natural immunity of the nail, 22 nail biopsies from onychomycosis patients were taken. Material was stained with hematoxilin and eosin and immunohistochemical methods were used.We found the nests of hypertrophy in the granulose layer of the epidermis, with focal acanthosis. In the horn layer, we identified the nests of parakeratosis of various sizes, with the incorporations of homogenous and eosinophil masses.We found high levels of IL-6 and IL-10 positive cells in the bed of the nail and in the bloodstream. IL-1, however, was not a part of any of the functional units of any of the nails. High amount hBD-2-containing fibres was found in the bed and the plate of the nail. Interestingly, hBD-3 and hBD-4 were not found in any of the samples.So, when it comes to onychomycosis infected nails, the most effective morphopathogenic processes include cytokine and defensin excretion occurs in the bed of the nail.
Onihomikozes problēma dermatoloģijā joprojām ir ļoti aktuāla. Jauno medikamentu nav daudz, terapija ir ilgstoša un saistīta ar lielām izmaksām. Terapijas iznākums ir individuāls, bieži novēro recidīvus, tāpēc nepieciešama padziļināta izpratne par procesiem, kas norit nagos. Naga funkcionālā vienība ir interesants, bet sarežģīts izpētes materiāls. Iespējams, ka tāpēc nav rodami raksti par morfoloģiskām pārmaiņām cilvēku nagos sēnīšu infekcijas gadījumā.Šī darba mērķis bija izpētīt naga funkcionālo vienību onihomikozes gadījumā, vērtējot iekaisuma, vaskularizācijas, inervācijas, deģenerācijas, apoptozes, kā arī dabīgās antimikrobās aizsardzības norises.Lai realizētu šos darba uzdevumus, 30 onihomikozes pacientiem tika paņemtas 5 mm lielas naga biopsijas. Iegūto materiālu apstrādāja un veica standarta histoloģiskos krāsojumus: ar hematoksilīnu / eozīnu un periodisko skābes Schiff reakciju, kā arī dažādu faktoru imūnhistoķīmiskās reakcijas, izmantojot biotīna-streptavidīna metodi. Papildus tika lietota TUNEL metode apoptozes noteikšanai. Kontrolei tika izmantoti piecu līķu nagi. Nokrāsotie preparāti tika analizēti, lietojot gaismas mikroskopijas tehniku. Imūnhistoķīmiski noteikto struktūru relatīvā daudzuma apzīmēšanai tika lietota puskvantitatīvās skaitīšanas metode.Statistiskai apstrādei tika izvēlētas neparametriskās statistikas metodes. Pēc rangu skalas lielumiem tika aprēķināts Spīrmena korelācijas koeficients un Kendela (Kendall) tau-b tests.Kvalitatīvā saistība tika novērtēta kā vāja, vidēja vai cieša.Rezultāti atklāja, ka onihomikozes skartos nagos ir izteikti pārragošanās traucējumi un sēnīšu elementi, turklāt pārskata izmeklējuma un PAS (periodiska skābes Schiff reakcija) kombinācija izrādījās precīza metode sēnīšu infekcijas apstiprināšanai. Imūnhistoķīmiskie krāsojumi deva inovatīvu informāciju par neizmainītu inervācijas līmeni un pastiprinātu vaskuloģenēzes procesu norisi, intensīvu IL-6 un IL-10 citokīnu un antimikrobo peptīdu hBD-2 izdali onihomikozes skartos nagos, kā arī par nozīmīgu audu restrukturizāciju un šūnu apoptozi šīs infekcijas gadījumā.
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