The co-authors address the relevant issues concerning the need to implement the principle of the biosphere compatibility as the core prerequisite for the symbiotic co-existence of man and nature. Caring treatment of the biosphere, termination of its excessive exploitation, analysis of the ratio between the biospheric potential of specific areas and the needs of their population represent the most relevant problems. Ecological problems are particularly grave in Russia. However, only the new generation of specialists, having the ecological awareness and applying nature preservation techniques to their activities, can meet the challenge. The authors provide the findings of the sociological survey into the state of the human capital in the Russian urban planning industry and propose a set of actions aimed at its improvement.
Abstract. The article covers safety and environmental issues, as well as the sustainable interaction between man and nature in the context of present-day cities. An important task, according to the authors, is the study of scientific approaches and practical achievements in this field, and then the detection of the most urgent critical issues. The coauthors provide an overview of numerous research projects on the treatment of nature, the anthropogenic load, the biosphere as a geological body, the noosphere, and ratios characterizing the condition of the biosphere. The coauthors believe that ecological management, aimed to reverse the treatment of nature, must be integrative. New legislation, effective control of its execution, new disciplines to be introduced at the level of secondary, vocational, and higher education, development of ecological schools of thought and advanced green standards and materials applicable to any construction operations may comprise an effective solution. The authors offer their vision of the challenges and outline the primary steps, including immediate implementation of urban planning solutions to be developed in accordance with the biosphere compatibility principles, with calculations of humanitarian balances of the bio-technosphere. The coauthors also consider the innovative approaches to the use of eco-friendly materials in construction projects.
The authors raise a question of the necessity of urgent introduction of the principles of green building design into the practice. It is emphasized that such a necessity is dictated by the dangerous degradation processes occurring in the biosphere and society. In the given report the questions of social purpose and function of architectural activity are raised, as well as of the development of the sociology of architecture as an essential field of scientific research for providing the quality of design solutions.Green building technologies are widely spread in Europe, USA and in the Korea, China. Green building and sustainable building technologies have converted into a regular construction and building operation practice, whose mission is to reduce consumption of power and other material resources and to preserve or improve the quality of buildings and their comfort. The most reputable green building standards include LEED in the USA and BREAM in Great Britain. A discussion of local green standards, that will take account of the climate, landscape, and the lifestyle of residents, is underway in Russia. Principles of the ecologically sustainable design are being introduced into the architectural practice.
In this review article, an attempt is made to analyze the problem of gradual though accelerating degradation of the environment in the Russian Federation, its reasons and outcomes. The factors aggravating the problem are classified, and their impact is assessed. Intensive industrial development, enormous gas and oil consumption, a huge number of cars and other vehicles in urban and rural areas are among the most substantial factors. The co-authors insist that if the humankind follows this path, it will lead the Earth to the ecological catastrophe. The co-authors also try to find out why the humankind took this path, and conclude that the present-day consumptive treatment of the nature is the outcome of the technology-intensive trend of the western civilization. However this development pattern may be reversed by the green building efforts, including Masdar City designed by Norman Foster in Abu Dhabi, Tianjin municipality in China, and other projects implemented worldwide. Moreover, the co-authors address the research works written by V.I. Vernadsky, a prominent Russian scholar, and developed by V.A. Ilyichev, member of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences, who believes that the rational correlation between the biosphere and the technosphere is a must. The authors believe that the theory developed by V.A. Ilyichev may serve as a means for the reasonable and rational preservation and development of the natural environment.
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