Global value chains (supply chains) have attracted close attention of representatives of the scientific, business and political circles. Foreign scholars and researchers have convincingly proved that the global value chain is an independent object for study in international commercial law.In recent years, the leading European legal systems have strengthened the protection of the most vulnerable participants in cross-border relations: workers, other individuals affected by the negative impact of global supply flows. In France, the UK, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, as well as at the supranational level in the EU, legislation regulating supply chains is developing. By assigning responsibility to large corporations for cross border violations committed in chains coordinated by them, foreign law is focused on solving socially significant tasks.From a legal point of view, the supply chain is a complex, multi-level system of contracts subordinated to a uniform economic goal. The dominant legal regulation of private relations within supply chains has a non-state origin and is formed by private entities, mainly large multinational corporations. To explain the legal effect of such global regulatory systems, the paper introduces the concept of a «transnational legal order» based on the mechanisms of private law. The transnational legal order, along with the formation of binding (contractual) ties between entities, plays a unifying — organizing and coordinating — role in supply chains. In addition, it creates a platform for the international dissemination of national norms of law, as well as «voluntary» standards and rules formulated in private, social and ethical practices that are not initially endowed with legal force. The contractual form of consolidation contributes to their legitimization. The paper justifies the emergence of a new direction of research in the framework of international commercial law — transnational supply chain law.The trends in the development of international commercial law include digitalization, environmentalization, socialization, industry fragmentation and extraterritoriality of regulation.
The issues of determining the subject of the code of ethics of a higher educational institution, identifying its legal characteristics, as well as the particularities of applying this regulator of relations are yet to be studied in Russia. In order to fill the gap in legal knowledge, we have made an attempt, starting with the analysis of the ethics of education in the broad sense, to generalize the Russian and foreign experience in adopting and applying codes of ethics and offer a modern vision of the essence and regulatory function of ethical codes in the practice of educational institutions. The study was conducted using general scientific and special methods of cognition: logical, functional, systemic-structural, methods of generalization, synthesis, induction, and deduction. Certain material conclusions are made based on the sociological research method. The code of ethics of a higher educational institution is a code of conduct for a good faith participant in the educational process. The code is a compromise between different types of ethics: that of a teacher and a student, of a student and an administrative employee. In this regard, the process of discussing specific practical cases and reflection in the code of effective scenarios of interaction between the parties in critical situations are of particular value. In their legal essence, codes of ethics are normative acts, but traditionally they are not regarded as legal acts, as they are adopted by bodies of professional communities and are not often supported by the power of state coercion.
Foreign economic sanctions were in the focus of domestic lawyers’ attention for half a dozen years. The new legal regime for persons directly or indirectly involved in sanctioned cross-border commercial activities has been studied in science mainly in the context of public law, and — in the applied aspect — through the prism of compliance procedures. However, no less important is the problem of sanctions regulation in its embodiment in the private law instruments of contract law. The purpose of the study is to summarize and analyze the effectiveness of the accumulated practice of the use of pre-contractual and contractual mechanisms to manage the risks caused by foreign restrictive measures. To achieve the goal, general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, as well as the comparative legal method and approaches of economic and empirical analysis of law are used. Following the presentation of the leading approaches of the Russian state courts to the legal qualification of economic sanctions, the most promising options to manage the risks of sanctions for business at the pre-contractual and contractual stages are studied. In line with best business practices, pre-contractual mechanisms of compliance procedures (external and internal compliance) as well as contractual ways to mitigate sanctions risks proved to be the most effective for alleviation of the sanctions burden. Both sets of measures are developed and introduced into the daily routine by business participants themselves. Contractual regulation makes a decisive contribution to reducing the degree of negative legal consequences for business. To effectively manage risk, representatives of the business community use a wide range of contractual provisions: sanctions clauses, force majeure clauses, currency choice clauses, applicable law clauses and arbitration clauses. The success of such contractual initiatives, strengthened by the development of standard forms and terms of commercial contracts, is confirmed by judicial and business practice.
Цепочки поставок в международном деловом обороте: правовая характеристикаАннотация. Свыше двух третей мировой торговли и производства осуществляется транснациональными корпорациями и протекает в трансграничных цепочках поставок (глобальных цепочках создания стоимости). Эта цифра отражает масштаб и обширность географии распространения таких систем. Глобальные (трансграничные) цепочки поставок привлекли пристальное внимание представителей деловых и политических кругов, ученых -экономистов и социологов. Однако правоведы остались в стороне от подобных дебатов. Статья впервые интегрирует в отечественную юридическую науку концепцию трансграничных цепочек поставок (глобальных цепочек создания стоимости). С правовой точки зрения цепочка поставок -это разноуровневая (модульная) система договоров, подчиненных единой цели и призванная централизовать, организовать и скоординировать управление потоком производства, поставок и оказания услуг в международной деловой среде. Важной особенностью таких договорных систем выступает их роль посредника в распространении иностранных правовых норм, норм негосударственного регулирования, частных стандартов и в легитимизации социально значимых установок. Ключевые слова: негосударственное регулирование; международное коммерческое право; глобальная цепочка поставок; цепочка создания стоимости; договор; система договоров; трансграничные договорные отношения; договорное право; легитимизация социальных норм; мир-системный подход. Для цитирования: Фонотова О. В. Цепочки поставок в международном деловом обороте: правовая характеристика // Актуальные проблемы российского права.
The review covers the main provisions and conclusions presented in Olga A. Ternovaya’s monograph “The Key Tendencies of the Foreign Corporate Legislation Development”. As a result of the research the author of the monograph reveals such current trends of modern corporate law development as digitalization, socialization, harmonization of norms on counteraction to erosion of taxable base and norms on corporate governance, democratization of corporate regulation, perfection of regulation of transborder bankruptcies. Olga A. Ternovaya’s work undoubtedly contributes to the development of domestic scholarship on corporate law of foreign jurisdictions.
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