The article analyses the volume of passenger traffic from 1990 to 2019 for land, water and air transport. From
the materials obtained and the experience of the networks of European and world high-speed railways, goals are set.
High-speed lines designed exclusively for passenger traffic. This moment plays an important role in reducing the cost
of construction, increasing the market and economic profitability. According to the data from the State Statistics Service
of Ukraine, it is possible to calculate the passenger flow based on the known parameters for 2020–2032 in the direction
of Kiev–Lviv. The design of high-speed lines should meet general requirements aimed at satisfying the basic
characteristics of a high-speed railway system, which works in conjunction with the European High-Speed Railway
network. The compatibility of the parameters of high-speed lines with the parameters of traditional lines is part of the
operational requirements for the gradual introduction of a network of high-speed railways. Possible scenarios to achieve
the required compatibility should cover all subsystems.
Simulation model of the automobile braking system performance taking into account not only the wheel, brake pads, brake drum dynamics but the dynamics of the hydraulic brake system: the main hydraulic cylinder, the brake gear hydraulic cylinders has been presented. Effect of changing parameters of the braking system elements on the braking distance of the automobile has been considered. Road users’ safety relies heavily on effectiveness of vehicle braking system. Thus, braking system design is essential when designing a new vehicle. Modeling of the functionality of the designed system is one of the most important phases of design. Time and material expenses for imitational modeling are always less than actually producing models and conducting experiments on them. Experiments should prove theoretical abstracts stated while modeling. Thus, the imitational model should be well designed and adequate. Imitational model allows efficient operation of brake system with different system of control.
The morphostructure of the bulbs of Oxalis incarnata in the conditions of dormancy and the plant’s growth and development are described. The plants were grown in two irrigation modes: 1) with regular irrigation during the year, and 2) with limited irrigation in March-October and without irrigation in November-February. The bulbs were analyzed by way of consequent detaching of the scales. Investigated bulbs always had four fleshy scales, while the number of coriaceous and membranous scales varied. Coriaceous scales, together with two fleshy outer scales, make a protective envelope of the bulb.The overground shoot of O. incarnata, just like in other species of the genus, demonstrates monopodial growth and can produce up to five levels of lateral branches. Elongated parts of overground shoots serve for new territories’ useful occupation, while shortened parts produce new particles. Resting buds (bulbils) of three types were observed in O. incarnata: underground axillary buds, overground axillary gemmae, and terminal gemma. Our investigations showed polyvariance both of organogenesis of the resting buds and ontogenesis of plants in general, depending on irrigation regimes. In the case of limited irrigation, the plants of O. incarnata shed the leaves and can produce terminal gemma. While in the case of regular irrigation during the year, they remain evergreen and form gemmae exclusively in the leaves’ axils. We did not observe the formation of terminal gemmae in the case if axillary gemmae were present.The root system of O. incarnata has a complex structure. It consists of two crowns of the filamentary roots, contractile roots, and additional adventitious roots located along the underground part of the shoot during its growth. Such structure of the root system probably ensures better absorption of the water.
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