The global trend of organic materials application for the construction low rise residential accommodation in the context of the sustainable development concept results in growing interest towards the usage of both known natural materials and their combinations as well as the search of new technological decisions. The trend of eco-buildings is starting to play an important role. The concept of eco-buildings means construction of low-energy buildings [1] that cause less harm to the environment due to minimised value of primary energy consumption and low rate of heat losses, cost of materials, etc. As Brojan, L. et al [2] states, one of the criteria, which can be applied for the assessment of environment damage, is an index of primary energy consumption, or primary energy input (PEI) index, MJ/m 2. In fact, this is the volume of necessary energy resources for the production and maintenance of a 1 m 2 surface of enclosing structures [2].
The best choice of energy efficient envelope from variety of available materials is still the challenge. Therefore, the attempt of thermal performance multi-criteria evaluation of some building materials of natural origin for energy-efficient envelopes is conducted in present paper. Such types of walls from natural energy-efficient materials are considered in comparison assessment: hempcrete, adobe, strawbale panel, earthbag, cordwood, SIP (plywood+ecofiber), hempcrete+straw and energy efficient block. The influence of thermal inertia time, internal areal heat capacity, as well dimensionless index of thermal inertia D, the total thermal resistance of the walls Rtot-value, mass of the wall assembly and its cost have been taken into consideration as important influence factors. The multi-criteria numerical assessment of envelope’s energy efficiency potential was performed by two popular methods – Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as the subjective weighting method and Grey Relation Analysis (GRA) as the objective weighting method. Both of methods allow to arrange the alternatives and could be applied as decision support tools in decision making (DM) process of choosing the best alternative in terms of multi-criteria assessment. For more objective analysis, by taking into account the variety of physical and physical-mechanical parameters of the wall assembly material, the concept of generalized index of the envelope energy efficiency potential is proposed. Conducted research has shown that the best envelope type in terms of of generalized index of energy efficiency potential has the hempcrete wall and hemcrete+straw wall, almost three times smaller has the wall of the earthbags. The walls from adobe, cordwood and strawbale panels have practically the equal value of generalized index of energy efficiency potential. It could be observed that AHP method shown more inhomogeneous results, than GRA. The possible reason for that is the difference in evaluation attitude in techniques - AHP is considered as the subjective method with pairwise comparison matrixes, while GRA is objective method of comparison.
The expediency of using heat-insulating construction products from a straw at the erecting of energy-efficient envelope constructions is considered in the paper. The hierarchical model in the form of an inference tree of the factors influencing the target function -reliability of energy efficiency of heat-insulating building products made of straw has resulted. A fuzzy matrix of knowledge is proposed which reflects the influence of thermophysical, physic-mechanical and durability parameters on the target function. The hierarchical connections between classified factors proceeded by apparatus of fuzzy logic and linguistic variables. A system of fuzzy logical equations which describes linguistic expressions of input variables according to the corresponding terms is proposed. In the research the expressions which describe the objective function -reliability of energy efficiency of heat-insulating construction products made of straw were obtained. It was made with the of membership functions following linguistic variables, by taking into account both qualitative as well as quantitative factors of influence. Represented in the paper model can be used as the design and engineering tool for the prediction of thermal performance of any multilayered wall assembly at the design stage of the project to assess complex energy efficiency parameters, which could be applied in practice during the decision-making process.
This study aims to explore the main objectives of marketing price policy and the various pricingstrategies available to achieve these objectives. The research distinguishes between two types ofprices in marketing price policy: basic price, which is seller-oriented, and fair price, which isbuyer-oriented. Additionally, the study differentiates between price policy and pricemanagement policy, with the former involving setting the maximum price for the product and itspositioning, and the latter maintaining actual prices and regulating conditional prices through discounts and price discrimination. The research delves into an extensive analysis of different marketing pricing strategies, such aspricing above or below market prices, pricing based on competitors or consumer properties, pricing based on demand dynamics, pricing with discounts, special conditions, and price tiers, and the strategies of penetrating prices and psychological pricing. Furthermore, the study identifies three main objectives that a well-formulated pricing policy should achieve: achieving the company №9, financial objectives, meeting market realities, andsupporting product positioning, quality, and distribution. The research also highlights thepsychological effects that must be considered when forming marketing price policies. Theseinclude the effect of tying a cheap product to an expensive one, the Weber-Fechner law, the useof the number 9 to sell products better, the combination of frequently purchased products, theimportance of details in advertising, and the emphasis on benefit or pleasure. Additionally, thestudy emphasizes the use of the word “free”; the focus on time spent or saved, the taboo on unjustified price comparison, the power of context, testing different price levels, and the impact of price tag matters and likeness on sales.
The problem of the “best” choice in terms of the ecological, durable, cheap and energy-effective material of envelope construction has been considered in the paper. For the numerical assessment of the thermal performance, the MCDA techniques as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Criteria Importance Theory (CIT) were used. There were proposed eight types of wall assemblies from a natural material, namely: Hempcrete, Adobe, Strawbale panel, Earthbag, Cordwood, SIP (plywood+ecofiber), Hempcrete+straw and Compositional building thermo-block. As a objective function for the search of the best alternative the integral index was proposed which consist of thermo-physical and economic criteria. As the thermo-physical criteria component of the index were taken the u-value of the envelope W/m2K, the dimensionless decrement factor of the envelope f and the internal areal heat capacity of the envelope k1, kJ/m2K according to ISO 13786:2017. As economic criteria of the integral index, the authors proposed the cost of the wall material Q, UAH/m2 and the mass of the wall m, kg/m2. The analysis of the conducted research has shown, that from the one hand there is no absolute “leader” in the ranking of the wall assemblies according to the proposed criteria and MCDA technique, but from the other hand by comparison of the results, there were revealed that the top three alternatives in both AHP and CIT technique are walls of “B”, “D” and “E” type with different point order, achieved in each MCDA calculation technique.
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